As a fire engineer, I have to say: extremely well done! I liked your focus on stay put/shelter in place policies, that’s generally what we want people to do in the UK. However, as this is for an international audience, I’d like to touch on a few points: Know your building Get familiar with the plans and notices posted in YOUR building. Know and follow their advice. Know your escape routes. Know what to do when you hear the fire alarm go off. This goes for your home as well as your place of work. Don’t fight the fire Unless there is a very small fire, outdoors, on a calm day, you a) won’t be doing much with a fire extinguisher anyways and b) risk smoke inhalation, which has extremely dangerous short and long term effects. Stand up for your fire safety Make sure access and egress routes are clear. Talk to neighbours who block the hallways with unnecessary items. Don’t let people park illegally in fire lanes, not even for a few minutes. Demand that your buildings fire equipment is serviced regularly, make sure fire doors close well and close automatically. If your building managers refuse to do something, talk to your city’s fire department, they can conduct an inspection and enforce the fire code. Get involved Some cities have volunteer firefighters, others have other volunteer positions. If you want, get involved, they’ll be happy to welcome you.

This doesn’t apply in the UK. Many buildings still have the same cladding as the Grenfell tower, the residents are unable to sell their flats and move away because they are knowingly not fire-safe, the building managers won’t remove the cladding because there’s no government pressure to do so and the residents can’t remove it themselves. They are forced to live in a deathtrap

Most informative, I actually didn't know why people are so calm even when there's a fire. It's a even more serious situation here in Singapore, where the fire can spread quite far. Now I know why, thank you Andrew.

Firefighter from the U.S. here. I love what you said near the end about the dangers of house fires next to highrise apartment fires. Houses built in the modern day are filled to the brim with synthetic materials, like plastics and foams. These building materials, while significantly cheaper, are also extremely dangerous in fires. When they burn, they give off extremely toxic byproducts, be it by smoke, or gas. Another thing that you touched on, but I really want to emphasize. ALWAYS SLEEP WITH YOUR DOOR CLOSED!!! This gives you waaayyy more time to react to your smoke alarms (assuming they work, of course (change the batteries when they ask you to, please!)) and either escape, or shelter in place effectively. Even those cheap and hollow interior residential doors can keep you safe from extreme heat or fire for several minutes.

I live in a mill building that was converted to apartments. There is very thick fire resistant material below each floor, and walls between units are double fire rated sheetrock on each side (which also greatly reduces noise). In my 1 bedroom apartment there are 10 sprinkler heads, and the building has a massive generator backed pump capable of running every sprinkler head in the building at full pressure. There has been an apartment fire while I've lived here, and aside from smoke that did get into common areas the damage was entirely contained to the one apartment. I feel very safe here.

Hi Andrew, I'm a fire alarm technician in Florida. I have to say you did your research on this and your information was flawless. I take my job very serious knowing that lives could be at stake. A big part of fire saftey is knowing what to do when there is a fire present in the building that a individual is at. I hope your videos reaches way more people.

I'm a fire sprinkler designer who has designed systems for a dozen and a half high rises. I absolutely appreciate this video! High rises absolutely are safer than most other buildings due to the large number of extra requirements, even just for the fire sprinkler system itself. Thanks for helping educate the general public on such an important topic!! You've got a new subscriber. Also, shout out to Seneca College in Toronto for my education.

I'll have to remember that UL fire demo video. I work in a high rise and the door to my group's area is a fire door but people leave it open all the time. We do a safety topic every month and you better believe I'm going to do the importance of fire doors next haha

Regarding the UK, you should be aware that we have an unprecedented situation of flamable external cladding mounted to many buildings. This has resulted in one of our worst fire disasters, Grenfell. There's a lot to this issue, worth researching.

Hey man love the content and want you to succeed! I've always wondered what went into my apartment to keep me safe from fires and often thought about how I might need to jump out the window and onto the tree someday to escape one. Well maybe that's not quite what I need to be prepared to do after watching your video. :-) Thanks again!

I work for a big city FD and the biggest problem we have in appartement buildings (low and high rise) is people wedging fire doors open or interfering with the automatic closing systems. It basically bypasses all the protection of a fire break and spreads smoke everywhere. It's more common in poorly maintained buildings often owned by slumlords but I've also seen it in public housing and expensive condo towers. Only a few days ago we ran a 3am call for a small trash fire in the basement garbage room of a 4 floor 60 apt building, all the hallway and stairs fire doors were jammed open so though the fire was small and never spread from the room, all the stairwells and hallways were filled with smoke. It happens too often.

As for the part about stair wells. Most buildings in high rises have designated fire escape stairwells. These are made of metal and concrete with fire doors. These are often required to have a positive pressure atmosphere which keeps smoke and fire out. When evacuating always use fire escape stairwells. Never use any type of “convenience” stairwells as they are sometimes called. They are not rated to protect you from fire or smoke.

It's been a while since your last video but I really enjoy your story-telling! Especially on topics that don't necessarily seem as exciting or mainstream

Did you mention the Grenfell Tower disaster (London, UK; 14 June 2017) where the flawed application of the stay-put strategy was tragically compromised by the building's flammable exterior cladding?

You've been knocking these info/story videos out of the park, amazing work again.

So, I'm very familiar with fire codes in the US and the Iroquois Theatre fire. I work as an electrician in theatre. One thing that caught me off guard - I was touring China for work and we had push bars that were bike chained closed backstage. If you don't know, theatres are designed so that the stage housing can be separated from the house by fireproof curtains and often contain a deluge system that floods the stage with water if the fire is located on/backstage stage. There was no deluge or fire curtain at that venue.

It's always a real treat to see a video from you in my sub feed :o This one was especially fascinating, and the time spent on your storytelling is felt really strongly Great narratives throughout

9:00 Some sprinkler systems have flow sensors on them. So when they detect the water flowing (Meaning a sprinkler has been triggered) they trigger the fire alarm. I believe some people get that process backwards.

13:30 "you are usually safer staying in your own flat unless heat or smoke is affecting you" I mean.... that WAS fine advice in for instance the UK for a long time, until about 2 decades ago when they started allowing buildings to have their facades refurbished with composite panel cladding containing polyethylene or polyurethane foam insulation; and then as billions around the world saw in 2017 it turned Grenfell Tower into a giant barbecue for people, killing dozens. I'm in the US where this was never allowed for high-rise buildings, so I don't know if they've been able to remove all that cladding on every affected building in the UK so the original advice is true once again, but I doubt it. Anyway, there are plenty of other countries around the world where lots of buildings have the same problem, no recognition of the danger, and little to no oversight on matters of fire safety, so you always need to know the specific situation your particular building is in wherever you are.

A few of the buildings were I lived in Toronto had pressurised hallways that were marketed as keeping cooking odors out of the hallways, I had often wondered if they would keep the hallways clear of smoke as well. Now I know thank you.

Good video about fire safety and how to properly react to fires in buildings. I work as a fire sprinkler engineer, and noticed a couple of small errors, nothing that changes the overall message of the video just things that bother someone who does this daily. For standpipes, the GPM coming out of them is dependent on what class they are which is dependent on the type of building it is in. While there is a class of standpipes that is rated to give 150GPM, most are rated to output 250GPM out of at least two outlets simultaneously. The response time of sprinklers comes in two varieties, standard response and quick response. You are correct in saying that townhomes and apartments are required to have quick response sprinklers, but many commercial buildings have quick response sprinklers as well. For the commercial sprinklers it does depend on what the building is used for to decide the sprinkler, as an office has much less fire capacity than a paper mill. I also feel like it does a disservice to not mention the codes that govern this design such as NFPA, and FM global data sheets. Feel free to ask any question about sprinkler systems and I will try to answer them best I can.

I am currently condo shopping, this video will give me a lot of important things to look out for!

I was worked at metal industry for over 15 years and during that period I learn the most important thing when Fire happens: "Stay Calm and think". I can't even count how many fires I've prevent during 15 years, can you imagine melted Iron (about 1500 degree celsius), with calm head I was able to extinguish and localize 99,99% of them. Only 1 fire I wasn't able to extinguish and reason is I wasn't work that day and other people panic to much and let the fire spread thru the facility. It is an great and very informative video for the people who are not familiar with fire, destructive power, safety and prevention. Keep up great content.

I really would like to take a second to give a genuine thanks to all the fire fighters and engineers and any respondents. Dying in a fire is probably my number 1 worst way to die, and I really can't imagine the horror of those who perished in such situations. It makes me feel much better knowing there are people who take these risks extremely importantly and do their best to implement any way to reduce chance of death by fire. If I wasn't already in another branch of engineering I honestly would probably have been interested in such things because it really does save lives

One of things that's also important is the consistency and sensitivity of the building's automatic fire detection system. This past summer, I lived in a newly constructed apartment building that has per suite fire detectors, automatic fire doors that are opening during normal use but closes when the system detects a fire, insulated fire escape elevators, and many other advanced features. The only problem is the overly sensitive fire detection system kept triggering and ordering whole building evacuation from people smoking weed in their apartments. After the third such evacuation, 90% of the residents no longer evaculate, which meant the state-of-art automatic system in advertently caused more complacency due to an incorrect setup.

I just experienced my second fire in this building just last week. What I found amazing was how clueless me and my neighbors were about what to do. We found a spare key open the apartment and extinguished the flames with an extinguisher but opening the door only allowed the smoke out at that point we exited the building and waiting for the fire department. I can't stress this enough, have a plan and follow all the safety rules they teach you. Thank you for the video.

Informative and well put together. Fire safety should be taught in schools at an early age. I remember being taught basic fire safety in school and it’s come in handy since.

A topic that I hadn't thought much of before but told in a really engaging way! Well done :)

I'm an MEP/FP engineer, and this is spot on. Sadly combustible structure is making a comeback due to it's low cost and deregulation.

Wow! Great content and pertinent to everyday living for all. As a firefighter, you did an awesome job. One suggestion would be adding some simple things to do such as blocking door openings with towels and if needing to leave in smoke, use a wet towel to breath through as a filter. Great job. Definitely sharing. SW

I’m a building services engineer. Where I come from, fire protection systems are usually among the first systems to be “value engineered” out of the project when funds are tight. We haven’t had major fires in the short history that the country has been in existence which makes property owners think that they are saving money when they ignore these systems.

Id love to see a video on how high rises defend against tornadoes or other severe weather. There have been some rather close calls with Oklahoma City, I believe. I imagine they’d naturally perform better than even a well engineered home, since the things are so heavy, and are built to sway and whatnot. Ditto if fire protection in office buildings has advanced too, particularly after 9/11.

Fire sprinklers have been mandated in Australia for easily 20 years (buildings over 25 m) also, most new buildings are required to have fire booster pumps separate to the building to provide the fire main within

I’m in the fire protection industry . You did a great job explaining how these systems work and how they tie into each other

High rise buildings are required to have special fire alarms called speaker strobes. These can give directions on what to do. If the alarm says to stay in your room, stay. If you leave, it could clog up the stairs, and firefighters wont be able to get up, resulting in more deaths. Only leave if the alarm says to leave.

True. I was once in an apartment fire in a NYC apartment building (on Park Ave and 65th street, no less). The fire started in the elevator shaft but was trapped there. Even smoke was contained. We only noticed the true seriousness of the situation when our dog, a German Shepherd passed out from smoke inhalation (plus panic), and we had to evacuate through the exterior fire escape.

Your videos are so mesmerizing to watch and much more well-placed and structured than most youtubers. I get a lot of satisfaction out of watching them, and any length of time is worth the wait for this kind of quality! Keep it up

That "natural vs synthetic" clip at 10:40 is really shocking. P.S. The Iroquois Theater advertised itself as "absolutely fireproof". The fire occurred only a month after it opened.

As a Toronto person, you'll know the alarm systems in new condos have made condo fires MORE dangerous due to the ridiculous frequency of false alarms. But hey... at least my de-facto "meh, I aint going anywhere" reaction to a fire alarm turns out to be the correct one.

13:50 This security cam footage was taken during the FIFA 2018 quarter-finals match between Croatia and Russia. The firefighters got up just before the last shot of the penalty shootout, and departed within 20 seconds without any hesitation. Just 15 seconds later, the winning shot was made. Croatia went on to win second place in the World Cup. I don't care too much about football, but I live in Zagreb, and it's a somewhat famous anecdote about their professionalism since they didn't delay leaving for a single second, even though the extra 20-30 seconds likely wouldn't have mattered anyway. Kudos to all the firefighters out there.

Very well done Andrew, thankyou, this video was not only educational and informative but entertaining. I've been a subscriber for many years and from a fellow content creators, point of view, I think you're inspirational. Also you've helped me personally, with advice via email, in the dash cam era. For that also, thankyou 🙂

Awesome video! I use to live in an apartment and would always wonder what the best plan of action would be!

I'm working on a final project for my Urban Planning course about apartment fires and this video was extremely helpful/informative. Thank you so much for your work on this!

This video is insanely good! So many informative and vital concepts covered in an easily digestible manner.

Really enjoyed this video. May not be completely applicable to the laws in Australia, but certainly helps me ask relevant questions.

The editing for this must of taking ages. well done. I watched this with my dad and it was really good

Ever wondered why there are Open/Close buttons in elevators that don't seem to work? They are used by Firefighters. When the elevator is in FF mode, the doors don't open automatically when it reaches a floor - this is done in case there is a fire on the floor. Instead the FF holds the open button to open the door - if there is a fire, they release the button and the door closes. If it's safe, they can hold the button until the door is fully open and then it will stay open. The close button is then needed to close the door again.

My Great Grandfather was a firefighter in 1903 Chicago. He responded to the Iroquois Theater fire on CFD Truck 9.

I was in a highrise condo fire in 2009 in Chicago, it was on the 36th floor of a 42 story building. We were told to stay in place unless in immediate danger. The building was older and thus didn't have sprinklers. The elderly resident of the fire died, but only other injuries, no other deaths. The injuries were because the fire actually busted out the windows and into the units upstairs. Staying in your apt may seem scary in the moment, but it was definitely the right call for us. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/kNxmrZWK3pzPmH0.html This video was really cool and informative, thank you!

I got a fire training at work and since then it's infuriating to see how often fire protocol are ignored in low rises (6 floor or so) from bike in the hallway to the stair itself having no fire door.. I had kept a roped escape ladder in my apt

Where i live we build every apartment that is not ground floor with fire protection typically 90 minutes. Its worth saying that fire proof wood structures does exist.Wood is not quite as flammable as people might think. We have wood building that will not burn down even in a major fire.

im so glad i found this now. I am looking for a new place and ive always been concerned about safety. This helps me so much now that i know what to look and ask for. thanks for this video!

Hi You mentioned the UK advice to stay in your apartment and wait to be rescued, I doubt you will find anyone i UK who will follow that advice until action is taken regarding the Grenfell Tower fire, it was the advice given to the 72 people who died. The inquiry is on going, but until improvements are made, I doubt anyone in UK will stay in and wait to be rescued.

Unfortunately this is something that many people just don't think about. I can definitely Testify that this type of thing does happen it happened to me the apartment below us literally blew up causing our floor to Shake and within seconds we had black thick toxic smoke coming through every wall receptacle crack and crevice. Oddly enough we had just literally finished installing a brand new full surround sound stereo system with extra large woofers and we're watching an action movie coincidentally there was an explosion in the movie and we thought at first wow these speakers are awesome because the floor shook. It wasn't until we saw the black smoke coming out receptacles that we knew that the explosion sound extreme vibration didn't come from the speakers and the vibration we felt was real. We barely had enough time to grab our dog wallet and keys when we opened up our front door there was flames shooting up and over the balcony from below us. We then begin pounding on our neighbor's doors trying to get them out of their Apartments. I've never seen smoke so black and thick and accumulate in abundance so fast many of our neighbors that we woke had to crawl over their back balconies and climb down the balcony railings actually escaping from their back porches the building was three stories and we were on the second floor fortunately we were able to get everyone out in time. Me and my roommates had to even bust down some doors there was no time to knock and wait. This was back before cell phones were popular my roommate was able to use one of the neighbors phones to call 911 by the time the fire department got there there was yet another explosion that wound up raising our floor literally two to three inches above its original position it blew out all of our windows the apartments on each side of the apartment below us also burnt up the fire was so intense that it literally melted the plumbing in the building the fire shooting out the back of the first floor unit below us went all the way up to the roof of the third floor and also caught that unit on fire and this all happened within a matter of 30 minutes since we heard the first explosion. It felt like everything was in slow motion and that it took forever for the fire department to put the fire out we wound up losing pretty much everything. All the plastic in our apartment melted and everything was covered in black soot. Needless to say the whole entire building had to be condemned. Luckily the apartment below us where the fire originated the people were not home. So thank God nobody died. But it definitely shook us all up. And left the whole building occupants scrambling to find somewhere to stay. After going through that horrible ordeal I think every solitary building new or used especially multi-story should be required to have full fire suppression sprinklers systems along with emergency egress stairs for the backs of of buildings so that people have more than one way out. Along with Extremely Loud fire alarms. To warn the people of a fire Unfortunately our building had none of that. The fire department told us that we probably literally saved everybody in the building because we were the first ones that became aware of the fire and woke everybody up and got them out. Probably the scariest thing I've ever been through in my entire life. And to this day I still have nightmares about it. I also have a very hard time watching action movies with explosions in them. But I am extremely thankful to God that I have my life along with everybody in that building which consisted of about 15 units five on each floor I believe it was 24 people saved including us.

12:07 fire services can actually employ makeshift overpressure zones. We have dedicated fans for that. On top of that our station usually sends a team to set up the correct ventilation requirements for this as part of the scouting in such buildings. Another reason why you should not try to leave through a smoke filled staircase, we can make it safe, even older ones.

Thank you so much this was awesome. Im just an emt right now but going through my FF I/II soon ! Great little overview with actual quite a bit of depth!

The algorithm recommended you today, I'm now binge-watching your videos, they are great. Love your style! I only wish there were more of your newer videos already :)

Very interesting, I work in love theatre on the technical side and the amount of fire safety engineering that goes into these spaces is incredible.

Awesome content. I’m going into property management and they don’t teach you about the Fire Doors. This is very informative, thank you!

This was an excellently put together video, great job!

This was an incredibly impressive video. you are going places Mr. Lam

I seriously loved how informative this was. I knew a good amount of it before, but the air circulation in the stairs and specific details about things like fireproof doors were new to me :).

Properly communicated the message of fire safety, good job!

So great! I love infrastructure videos and learned a lot from this one. Was also a big fan of the crash barrier info video. Thanks for sharing cool info about the built world around us.

I loved this presentation and the insight you provided on things I see regularly but hadn't given much thought. Reminds me of Grady from practical engineering.

Fire containment works. I know of a building where one unit was totally destroyed, but the other 400 units in the 20+ floor building were unaffected.

I do want to correct that the smaller bulb size in the fire sprinkler is not related to its activation time but rather the size of its orifice for the required water demand. That said residential fire sprinklers tend to be far less demanding than commercial. And that's because the hazard imposed by the type of occupancy of the building. And R-2 occupancy is less of a hazard than an S-1.

there was this incident that happened in china were a cheap apartment burned down and collapsed, i dont remember how many people died but it was quite a lot.

As an architecture technologist learning about fire safety and ratings this helped extremely well! Thanks from Toronto!!

Absolutely incredible, well made video. One of the best I have ever seen on KZfaq. Thanks for posting.

Your research is MIND BLOWING! Keep up your fantastic work!!🎉

I love your channel, and this video in particular! As a person who has a lot of fire-anxiety, and as an engineer, this video gave me a lot of appreciation for modern technology and the hard work of countless people to keep society safe

This is a very well written and researched video. Great job! -A fire safety enthusiast/ alarm collector.

it's always a pleasure to watch your videos. The production quality and content is just out of this world

Something rarely mentioned but very hazardous is a homes bathroom fan that removed steam and heat. When these fans get old noisy and struggle to turn on they become massive fire hazards. Energy is put into the motor but isn’t properly used so it is used as heat until it combust. These fire are hot enough to ignite older attic insulation or dry wall even without flames touching it The attic fire will burn without smoke and flame and because there are no smoke detectors in the attic you have no alarm. These fires are found when the entire roof burns out or you find the burnt fan and decided to replace the entire metal housing (the fortunate thing I did) and feel heat pouring out of the attic You could install fire alarms in the attic, or there are fire extinguisher ‘bombs’ that set off from some heat and put out all fires in a smaller space

This was a really well done video, not sure why it was recommended to me but I can't complain. The information was well put together and the pictures and animations did a great job.

After your video on guardrails I’m happy to see you’ve done more like it!!

Great video, it was relieving to recognize my dorm apartment has all of these features to keep students safe!

I am SO glad to hear they have fire evacuation elevators!! That was always one of my biggest worries: what if a resident on a higher floor is physically incapable of using stairs, and how are they evacuated? (Some people literally have conditions where falling into a parachute could end their life; one condition, muscle turns to bone every time there's scar tissue; another condition, the bones shatter like glass... there's other conditions too, and an elevator is just so much safer, for so many reasons...)

Very interesting, high quality video. It even reached the Netherlands. Keep up this good work

Nice set of information you provided there.

Well researched, fantastically explained, great animation, easy sub.

Saying the media uproar is what's making people more scared of high-rise building fires is missing the point a little bit, especially in the case of the Grenfell Tower fire. You say the line "when a high rise has the right engineering", but Grenfell has proved that sadly, we can't just assume that no corners have been cut.

A fire broke out in my dorm's building, and as I hurriedly made my way to the ground floor, I reached the fire door, but it refused to open. I felt an overwhelming surge of frustration and anger in that moment. After, management did not believe me, but the camera's told my truth. I moved out shortly after.

There's a lot of information in this, very well done!

This is great if the house is built properly but the terrifying part is when the building is flawed because of lacklustre maintainance and you end up dying because you did what you are supposed to do.

16.23 The fire rapid fire spread was caused by flammable cladding on the outside of the building which quickly engulfed the whole of the building in flames. Many died in smoke filled exits or in their rooms because they were told to stay put. Similar situations had occurred in other high rise buildings where fire had spread to other parts of the building but it was not acted upon. So much for good design and Regulations in the UK! The Grenfell Tower enquiry is ongoing.

This was a really great video. Your storytelling was great, the visuals were interesting, and the topic was helpful. I work in building construction engineering and learned a lot. Subscribed!

Great and informative vid! Heck there's all this tech that I've never thought about! Definitely useful for staying more calm in a potential crazy situation

Welcome back. Thank and have a great week.

Fascinating!! Thank you for this!! Please continue educating us with your videos . Especially ones like this! 🥰🥰

Hard to believe you used to make dash cam videos, amazing video as always. The diagrams were helpful

Very pleasantly surprised to see another video of yours in my feed! Great work.

This door issue is a common problem in buildings in New York. I don't know why, but as buildings get older, the doors don't fit in their frames any more and either can't close because they don't fit in their frames at all, or won't latch closed because (again) they don't fit in their frames squarely.

Here in New Mexico a lot of buildings use Stucco which helps wonderfully. In my neighborhood the exposed pilot light to an old water heater ignited paint fumes causing the garage door of the building to shoot across into the street. The house was burned from the inside, the owner wasn't home at the time and survived, and the fire never left the property despite the large amount of flammable waste in the house.

I live in Texas and one of my jobs is fitting fire doors in new buildings. Never really thought much of it but after watching the vid I realized that my home is outdated and extremely flammable. I have replaced a few doors and have gotten a fire extinguisher for each large room and the hallway. Thanks for making me be a safer more aware man

The building you referenced in Toronto is now known as the Phoenix. They had someone paint a massive almost full height mural on the side of the building. That particular fire is also responsible for a giant shift in how toronto fire deals with high-rise incidents. It's a great rabbit hole to go down

Fire sprinkler systems are not small and handheld like is suggested and that's why we don't see retrofits required. It's completely intergraded into the building meaning it would basically have to be gut reno to add.

It is unfortunate that in the UK since the Grenfell Tower tragedy a "Stay Put" policy will never work again here.

I used to live in Sunnyvale, CA and our apartment building code dictated heavy fire doors on each unit at the hallway. (This was a 3-story building with 135 units.) My current apartment, built in 2016 in San Jose, CA has flimsy wood panel doors that you can stab with a screwdriver (happened to a neighbor). It's 6 stories high, 102 units, wood frame construction. Our instructions are to use the fire exit stairs any time our smoke detector or the building fire alarm goes off. However, most people have stopped evacuating because there are so many false alarms. Some tenants tamper with the wiring (because they're tweakers?) and the system goes off at intervals until repaired. Other tenants just pull the fire alarm in the hallway because they like to see the fire department roll up with lights and sirens. (The fire department hates our building by now.) We also haven't had building-wide alarms when there were fires because of all the damage to the system. However, the fire sprinklers have always worked to keep fires limited to the apartment where it started, even when there is smoke in the hallway after tenants opened the door to air out a cooking fire (and the chemicals from the stove hood fire stoppers). Each studio apartment has a sprinkler in the kitchen area, the bathroom, the living area, the sleeping area, under the overhang in the sleeping area where the bathroom fan exhausts outside, both enclosed closets, and the area between the closets. The main problem here is flooding of the adjacent units and everything below to the ground floor.