I had my pharmacology exam last Thursday and trust me it is mind blowing to realise how much we've discovered in a few decades through research , but also worryingly tremendous how much medical knowledge and many solutions to severe problems we still lack .

Phase one is made mainly to test the drug toxicity, and it is done on small group of healthy volunteers

More and more funding is needed for better medical research.

Of course, part of the problem is that funding for research, whether private or from governments, is most available in affluent, Western coutries, while developing nations with a large percentage of the world population simply don't have the surplus available to invest in researching their populations.

A huge part of the problem is, with few exceptions, medical research doesn't have the funds to pay voluntaries. Underdeveloped countries are full to the brim with unemployed unskilled people desperate to find a source of income, yet they seldom get a chance to become a voluntary, unless they do it for free. For example, in America people can get paid $50 to donate plasma, but in South America you get a snack if you're lucky. Literally, a child size juice box and a tiny cookie. wtf

04:02 : Warfarin, never suited me (coming from South Asia) when I began taking the dosage as instructed by the hematologist. Changed the dosage amount couple of times for no good, at times it resulted the blood to become way too more thin and was required to take Vitamin-K injection as emergency in midnight! While, at times the blood was too thick due to 'Warfarin's effectiveness affected even by the food I consumed. At last, have to settle with another drug 'Dabigatran', and it works quite well for a good 2 years now!

I think that there needs to be more medical research dedicated to disabilities like cerebral palsy and MS

1:19 thought i got a steam notification xd

Did... Did they use the steam messege sound effect?!

That beep beep at 1:19 had me check for steam chat

Not to mention, most treatments are only tested on amab bodies, so we don't know how the effects may differ on the other half of the human population.

Just in 5 minutes so much clear knowledge. Even textbooks ain't this informative and understandable. Such a great help and job by TED-ED. Thanks!

The only thing that disappoints me is that there is no quote at the beginning of this video :( No one is talking about this😢

Women are severely underrepresented in medical research. I would love to see a video touching on this issue

10% of women worldwide have endometriosis and barely anything is known about it

Another important point is the need for culturally responsive research. Some reasons why people from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds find it difficult to participate in research are language barrier and absence of a "gatekeeper" that can speak the language of the participant or respond to their cultural needs. For example, a dietitian may be interested in dietary intake of people with chronic kidney disease but does not realise her participants may fast during the holy month of Ramadan. Language is particularly important to facilitate informed consent which confirms that the participant understands what is required of them and acts as the mutual agreement between the researcher and participant. Partnering with community leaders as interpreters and "gatekeeper" can help researchers understand the cultural needs of the group they intend to research.

Medical exams a hundred years for now are gonna be real tough, I think

It would be amazing if Ted-Ed was in other languages to help share this amazing knowledge worldwide

Thanks for your informative videos!

The animation and sound are a true testament to the team's skill and creativity 🌟

The art, style, animation and sound are are on another level!

I'd like to see more research on autoimmune conditions. I have two (at least😢) one of them is terrible 😔. And it was very hard, and it took years to get the right diagnosis. Going to many doctors for years, most don't take you seriously, gaslighting and giving wrong diagnosis, or put it out as anxiety, etc. So you won't get the right diagnosis. Knowing now what condition I have but it is extremely sad that there's no medication to direct attack the disease or put it on remission seems that's not possible. 😢 Illnesses that aren't yet very understood. There's a great lack of knowledge there. I have known that pharmaceuticals aren't investing much on Autoimmune conditions because they have the belief that not many ppl have them. They considered them as "rare" But they're not well informed! They should know more ppl are developing AI conditions and many go undiagnosed for years because the symptoms seem disjointed and doctors tend to think that "x" illness is too rare to have it, so they don't suspect nor have the knowledge nor interest and they'll send you back home undiagnosed with thoughts that's "all in your head". I pray 🙏🏼 for all the ppl with Autoimmune conditions. I have hopes 🙏🏼that it can be found out medications for us, and more knowledge, and that we can have better treatments. #Scleroderma #Hope

There’s so many illnesses that we lack the technology to discover… people tend to forget that. *Just because they can’t figure out what’s doesn’t mean you’re fine!*

love this channel !!!!

Man, idk how much that trombonist got paid, but it wasn't enough. What a gorgeous tone!

As a person who is student of b.harmacy i love the way this video explain clinical trials and drug development process❤❤

Ethics. Integrity, honesty and just basic human decency ( not being too greedy)

Why no quote at the beginning of the video?

It's so interesting i watched this so many time I really love this. 💕

Important topic!

Damned be the man who chose the steam message sound effect as the bleeping sound! 1:20

who decided to use the steam notification as a ding sound at 1:21. mini heart attack xD

Good thing then that Asia is also very wealthy and very scientifically advanced. Their pharmaceutical companies should find better suited drugs in no time.

Thank you

What's your source for 2:54??

It’s so weird when you recognise a song playing as an outro of another KZfaq channel

Truth and transparency.

is it me or that ted talk used the steam notification sound t 1:19? Thought i was being spammed for a sec lol

This is why its called the practice of medicine not the art

I haven't watched the video yet but I hope they make more reaearch on auto-immune diseases .. I hope that one day, no one gets to suffer like me right now

No quote at the start of video :(

Well 0.1% of something huge is still HUGE

where can i find a book to read

1:19 thought I had a steam notification

While I agree that more needs to be done to support comprehensive research, are you suggesting ethnic research subfields or a panacea soup of all etnicities moving forward? I foresee complications arising from both options, neither worse than the current structure but still something that should be carefully managed and financed. A lot of administration will need to be involved. I'll be honest I thought what was missing was the drive to cure sickness rather than treat sickness. Since there is more profit to be made treating people in long drawn out schemes to gouge a steady stream of money from people rather then just curing them outright for a one off payment.

I though I was getting steam notification at 1:20 💀

1:19 Steam Chat Notification sounds?

And how do you donate all that information?

Also how they do the human trials. There are people who do them as their primary form of income. The issue is if they report negative responses to the medicine for the trial they are less likely to be hired for future trials. So to keep their "job" they often lie about negative reactions. Sorta defeating the purpose.

Wouldn’t it be ideal to have a drug for someone of every ethnicity? So that you’re not just getting the best drug overall, but one catered to your race?

1:20 steam message sound 😯

So how can we help the medical community, in recording our stories?

Wow, I have an exam in complex diseases and population wide studies tomorrow, is this a coincidence?

There is no control group in phase 1

The problem is, most of these researches happen in European countries(USA and Canada also)

*This video is missing the opening quote!*

Very helful

This is not a medical question but a economic one.

Ethnicity is not only the main part of medical work but their lifestyle and genetics are. So, ethnicity might be referred.

I don't know much about the specifics of drug testing, but I do know quite a bit about testing and uncertainty in general. I imagine a big part of why they do this overly homogenous test group is (contrary to some peoples beliefs) not racism, but a desperate attempt to control the unknown variables. Allowing more diverse genes gives you a chance to see the deeper connecting, but to be sure you're actually seeing the connection and not statistical variation you have to have a much larger sample size, like orders of magnitude larger, it's simply not possible given the money that medical research have. I say the real fix to this would be to lower the amount of unknown variables by gaining a deeper understanding of the human genome, knowing exactly what a gene does means you could give an educated guess as to if this gene could be interacting with your drug

Concise but you misrepresented two key points: placebo and individualized dosing. As to the first, the placebo will always obtain the desired result in a % of the patients taking it. If that % is equal to or greater than the % of patients reporting experiencing the same or greater level of improvement in the drug arm, the trials will be stopped. What this tells researchers is that the % of people experiencing the benefit due to the drug is the difference between those in the drug arm experiencing benefits minus the % that are expected to benefit from a placebo, based on the % improvement observed in the placebo arm. For example, 30% of subjects in the placebo arm improve to or beyond the desired goal while in the drug arm, the improvement rate is 70%. The result is that one would expect a minimum of 40% (70-30=40 but it's actually slightly higher) of people to improve when taking the drug. What is confusing is that only in very rare incidents, is the real & figure shared with the public. In the marketing department, the figure used is always the total % seeing the benefit in the drug arm, i.e. 70% in this example, and never the real figure of 40%. Even more ________ (you fill in the descriptive - pathetic, unethical, immoral, ...), there are very few, if any follow-up studies investigating the % of people that improve after taking a placebo. This is completely illogical if one is concerned with understanding the mechanism of healing (what everyone thinks their MD is concerned with but isn't - but not necessarily through any fault of their own - there's no research available), as this is the very group you want to study to find out the 'how' and 'why' they improved. Of course, ignoring that group is completely logical if you want to get your drug approved and into the market. Point two: individualized dosing: while genetics is one of the many variables affecting drug efficacy, and often a minor one, the blood level of any drug must reach a certain level to be approved. This means there is, are, or were lab tests designed to detect the level of the drug in the blood before the drug was ever approved. These same tests would, in an ideal world, be used on every patient to tailor the drug dose to the patient rather than tailoring the patient to the drug dose. If a 94% rate of improvement is required for a drug to be approved for any disease (a figure that is commonly used), that means 93% of patients will be receiving too much drug. One of my patients has been on a drug that costs nearly $10,000.00 for a one-month supply at the approved dosage. However, to be 100% effective, the patient only needs to take a half dose and they have experienced all the benefits for 20 years at $5,000.00/month - which would have saved $1.2 million (12 months x $5000 x 20 years) so far - and this is just one drug for one patient. Because of the insurance program this patient has, which is fully funded by the federal government - that is the taxpayer, they are required to obtain the prescribed dose at the $10k/month cost and discard half when it expires or do something else with it. But, if they do something else with it and get caught doing it, the government will discontinue all coverage of costs for everything, so which option is the safest?

No quote as a short introduction?

This video's director watched Michael Cohen surprisingly reveal to Congress, "The President did bad things," and thought to himself, "Cohen is so compelling!" And after watching Rachel Madow take 18 minutes to unveil two pages of tax returns, the director declared, "I must make videos in this style!" The world was forever changed.

We’re only going to get better at it with time, but the time it takes will be significantly lessened if everyone contributes their voice. Believe you can change the world, and you just might, but nothing in life is guaranteed.

Maybe it's just me or something, but the music didn't really fit or something. There was something off.

calebcity outro lol

The more you know!

Story became even complicated in regions like Uzbekistan where you cannot understand the origins of individuals caused by hundreds years of races and nationality mixture

Video in one sentence We need diversity when it comes to our medical human ginepigs. Ima coin this quote.

Does anyone hear CalebCity’s old outro?

no new riddle?

Here we go, francis galton would be proud, Eugenics next stop, all aboard

Go where the money is. Simple as that.

How about medical research carried out in Asia? Doesn't that skew towards Asians? It's more about the availability of scope of medicine and not some wilful negligence pandering to westerners

I know so many activists would complain that some research are unethical (inhumane or shows animal cruelty), but the question remains: what can scientists do about it without affecting their research?

Ugggh the problem is that it's so profit driven and instead of care givers being part of industry leaders, they are in debt from school or from buying insurance to practice. The industry is run by finance people and stock traders!

Is this the new medical specialization called networkology?

What does he mean by *stories*????

There's another, much bigger issue - What's profitable drives what's being researched, rather than actual needs.

You failed to mention these trials take around 8 years. The issue of who volunteers to be in the trials comes down to the public's interest. Scientists can not oblige particular groups into participating, and some ethnicities actively refuse

Also there is an issue with not using enough women

There's that many Asians in the world? You would think there would be a big pharma player rising in Asia

Yo i remember Greg Foot from TV, he tried finding out how human meat would taste like using meat from his leg.

Who checked their steam at 1:19 ?

Also the claim that it should be tested against everyone is a bit absurd many populations are distinct enough to be unique and you can't test your treatments on everyone. The reason most of the people it's tested on are European is because the countries with the researches and funding are mostly European and there there's some effort to test on other populations but you can't expect them to go bringing in people from abroad just to have a representative from some minority group. Larger groups should be considered, small ones not so much.

Reference Man strikes again

Well that simple enough

i'm a greg foot cultist

1:18 anyone else checked their steam?

What medical science missing? Funding. Specifically funding for the less glamorous research.

I am a student from India and I want to go into the medical research field. One of my best options was to do mbbs first then go to this field but I didn't clear my entrance exam... I feel very upset... Are there any other ways I can get into research in this very field?

0:56

there is strength in diversity

Counter point : A lot of people of non European descent live in Europe, so I don't really see why is descent an issue.

Patents ruin all those good intentions

Imagine if this video is narrated by "The Fact Boy" aka.... Simon Whistler!

it is the cure that is missing

1:18 one sec my friend's sending me a steam message

1:19 who keeps texting me on steam?

American Healthcare System:........., yeah, ok, but how do we make money off it?