Mannlicher 95 8x50r B Grade from Royal Tiger Imports

Рет қаралды 30,250

Күн бұрын

I ordered a Mannlicher 1895 long rifle in the original 8x50r from Royal Tiger Imports. These rifles were made by Steyr for the Austrian military, with this particular example being made in 1917. They served as Austria Hungary's main infantry rifle during World War One. After the war, a majority of these rifles were sent to Italy as war reparations. Italy then sent them to Italian East Africa, Africana Orientale Italiana, where they saw use against the Ethiopian Empire. Ethiopia captured thousands of these rifles and stored them until RTI started importing them to the US in the past few years.
This rifle was made in Austria, sent to Italy and then was captured by the Ethiopians. A very interesting journey!
Rifles from Ethiopia are known for being in poor condition, and with this being listed as a B-Grade, just how does it look?
I provide an unboxing and overview of the rifle I received, then proceed to fully disassemble, clean and convert any rust to bluing. I also clean up the stock, reassemble the rifle and test its functionality.
Mannlicher 88/90 Playlist
• Mannlicher 1888/90 fro...
DISCLAIMER
All subjects featured on this channel are shown for historical and informational purposes only. All gunsmithing work is intended to restore the item to it's original condition, never modifying to serve any other purpose. In no way, shape or form is anything featured on this channel ever intended to be sold at any time. Any messages regarding selling a firearm, ammunition or an accessory will be removed. Everything shown is legal where the creator is located, please check your local laws.
00:00 Intro/Unboxing
02:25 Overview
08:58 Disassembly
19:55 Cleaning
26:54 Cleaning the bore
28:10 Boiling
29:20 Stock cleaning
30:47 Conversion process
34:09 Oiling the stock
36:28 Conversion results
37:23 Bore condition
38:04 Reassembly
45:47 Final thoughts
Eyes Gone Wrong by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. creativecommons.org/licenses/...
Source: incompetech.com/music/royalty-...
Artist: incompetech.com/

Пікірлер: 130

@tfusilier44 Жыл бұрын

A dime is also the perfect size to wedge the bolt head forward. Great looking rife for the price.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Good point, probably a bit easier to get in there than a piece of brass.

@ralphmills7322 4 ай бұрын

Saved another one from death by neglect, Mark Novak would approve your conservation methods. Well done!

@andrewreed9559 Жыл бұрын

A fantastic restoration as per usual keep up the good work

@rynoclaassen4823 2 ай бұрын

Would like to see you get replacement parts and get this beauty to originalish condition. Love the channel. Great work, as always.

@schmit6576 Жыл бұрын

Nice video, much better than those other "restoration" videos on the site. I'd say the sling swivel is replacement is up to you, if you do replace it I'd also get the rear sight parts at the same time. It would be odd replace the swivel but not the rear sight slider. 13:52 That little part is the actual sear, that's what engages with the cocking piece and lets it fly when the trigger is pulled. I don't know why Mannlicher made it like that, but it is how it is. 42:34 The sights on the Austrian guns (this includes the 1888/90) are in Schritt. Schritt is an old measurement system, and it's ~.75 of a meter from what I've been told.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Thanks for watching! I think I'll leave the sling swivel as is, I've grown accustomed to it. I'm going to keep an eye out for a sight slider, just so the rear sight doesn't look bare like it does now.

@schmit6576 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects Understandable, hopefully it keeps chugging along with no issues. Good luck hunting down a slider and keeper screw (Note: sliders for the carbines are different from the rifles) Also I gotta watch the rest of your vids now, thanks for linking them in the C&Rsenal server

@Moparjon1982 Жыл бұрын

Excellent restoration and video!

@cariboupetepeterson3711 Жыл бұрын

Excellent video on an interesting and historic rifle!

@chasealvarez5209 2 ай бұрын

This video served as tutorial and inspiration for my first ever mauser restoration. Great content!!

@rakumprojects 2 ай бұрын

Awesome, good luck with your project!

@stephencarran7650 7 ай бұрын

You'd amazed at how easy, quick and effective ultrasonic cleaners are especially for all those small parts.

@rakumprojects 7 ай бұрын

I just got one. Looking forward to testing it out

@simontusan6306 Жыл бұрын

Takto má vyzerať renovácia na úrovni, paráda ;)

@hobofactory Жыл бұрын

Such a well-produced video, and quality work on the clean-up, as well. Not sure I’ve ever seen anyone using that popsicle stick technique before but looks pretty effective and I’ll have to bear it in mind for my own projects.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Thanks! It's mostly for removing the dried on gunk, such as the stuff that's usually found along the wood line. The first few guns I conserved (years ago) I didn't remove it first and it ended up making a huge mess after boiling. I used a whole can of brake cleaner to remove all of it from my carding wheel!

@ShaneT.0331 Жыл бұрын

🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥 I have my fingers crossed for your bore 🤞As always great content 👍

@Whofan91 Жыл бұрын

A well made and well executed video, as always. Always admire someone's attention to detail and I hope the bore isn't a complete loss. Fingers crossed and good luck 🤞 😉

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Thank you very much!

@RUSTYSURPLUS Жыл бұрын

Ya lots of detail in the video ..good job.

@arnoldtm31 6 ай бұрын

Hi, just to let you know you can buy right angle screw drivers. Look them up. L shaped screwdrivers that looks like a hex key but with flat ends. Gives you a ton more leverage and does not bend. Helped me a lot in my projects.

@hdxnd1109 Ай бұрын

Your mannlicher came in much nicer than mine unfortunately my mannlicher managed to have a miss matching receiver and barrel with 712N being the receiver and 2413C being the barrel

@billyo7932 Жыл бұрын

Stumbled across this, great video

@bhoward9378 Жыл бұрын

VERY well done! Subscribed.

@matthewblack1981 Жыл бұрын

Very good boiling it to convert the rust, your on the right track. You need to boil everything and avoid scraping off rust it will create white spots. Boil the whole action then follow through with bore cleaning and carding, you may have to boil or steam several times to convert everything. Mark Novak's channel explains the process. I have been doing it for years and brought back quite a few nice pieces.

@tomc6255 Жыл бұрын

I got a mannlicher m95 carbine and I used your video as a reference on what tools and resources to get to clean it up with. It does have one very small crack similar to your rifle but the everything is intact but the cleaning rod. The bore does have plenty of rifling left but the pitting is there.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

That's good to hear, I was wondering how the carbines were. I was tempted to order one but I found I prefer long rifles. Maybe one day

@tomc6255 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I bought it along with an enfield mk3 no1. It is a 1916 bsa mk3*

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@tomc6255 Nice, I'm going to be starting work on an SMLE soon

@danm7298 10 ай бұрын

The first thing i bought from RTI was one of these. ITs in very nice condition with a really nice bore. The stock looks fantastic actually i was very surprised. Hardly even a knick on it. AOI marked too. cant read the Mil acceptance date but it looks like WW1 era. It wasnt wire wheeled because the bands were completely covered in light rust. no unit marking but my 88/90 does and it looks like it served on the eastern front during WW1. The 88-90 was great too. the bore leaves a lil to be desired but i think it will shoot good with flat based bullets. All the 88-90s have worn out barrels from what ive heard.

@rakumprojects 10 ай бұрын

Sounds like you got two nice ones. Yes, I don't think I've heard anyone say their 88/90 has a decent bore.

@ghgjkklf9340 Жыл бұрын

Great video! 👍

@astridvallati4762 Жыл бұрын

Thorough Break-down on this veteran. Points noted: Use correct size screw drivers to unscrew tight screws...gouging due to incorrect drivers. Besides Kroil, use brass hammer and screw Driver to impact the screw and break any seal from rust/ grease. As you remove screws, small parts, etc, place in a selection of Tobacco Tins, Small Tuna tins, etc, so as to (a) not lose them, ( b) keep them segregated with their relative parts. Cleaning: Bronze Wool and light oil, Brass brushes ( fine). Fine pick where Wool or Brush won't reach. Wood: Powder with Talc, place in Black Garbage bag, leave in Hot sun for several Hours; then wash stock with Laundry Soap and hot water. Dry quickly. Swell dents with Steam shot Iron and wet linen...crushed grain will not expand fully. Oil liberally with LO/BLO, and rub down. Metal: No carding, only cloth buffing...if you really must. I am of two minds on Water Boiling ( Mark Novak method) as it converts Red Rust ( Fe2O3) to Black Rust ( Fe3O4, ) which is effectively " Blue". For historical Accuracy ( Austro-Hungarian Empire, WWI, Italian Reparations, Eritrea colony, Abyssinian War, WWII Italian Defeat, Ethiopian Capture, War against Separatist Eritreans, final Goatshed Storage for 40 years, sale to RTI...). Quite a history. Bare cleaning and needed repairs, end of storyline: no Reblue, no Wirewheel, no Steel wool unless 0000. Oil all, Bore Clean, ( Sweets or Hoppes) Load ammo ( Resize & Trim 8x56R PPU, OR Size and Trim 7,62x54R, Fireform.) Use Flat Based .324" Jacketed Or .327-9" Cast Lead, Flat Base. Rifling works on Base Upset Obturation, Boat Tails won't Work in 8x50R. Doc AV Gunboards.com

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Lots of good info in here, thanks! 👍

@jackburton9214 Жыл бұрын

That paint on the stock is driving me nuts. This is a fantastic video though. Very much appreciate seeing your process, it seems well thought out.

@texascastblast5011 Жыл бұрын

Very nice work, my B grade turned out pretty nicely took it shooting too

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

It did, I've been following along. I plan on working off of your loading video

@texascastblast5011 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects awesome hope it gets good results

@texascastblast5011 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I also for got to mention, shooting FMJs through it really helps knock all the left over hard junk out, I found this working on my 88/90s and 88/95

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@texascastblast5011 That's a good point, hopefully I can find some at the gun show this weekend

@texascastblast5011 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects if you don’t find it there, Graf&Sons has has it .330 FMJ

@krandom354 6 ай бұрын

Very interesting. I tend to just start throwing all kinds of chemicals and brass brushes on it,

@chrisschrubbe6194 3 ай бұрын

Thats better then what I got from them and it wasn't a b grade

@BananaRaid 7 ай бұрын

I dig your techniques because theyre simple, effective enough and can be done by the common (especially RTI) milsurp collector with not too much investment.

@davidfist7801 6 ай бұрын

Man! That was one FILTHY gun!

@bullseyedixon5660 Жыл бұрын

great info sir

@Subgunman 5 ай бұрын

As for that screw, I have watched a gunsmith go over the head with a mig welder to fill in the gutted slot. He refinished the contours of the head and then recut the groove. Extra work but some of these screws are unobtainable today.

@raymondhorvatin1050 5 ай бұрын

Nice looking rifle

@the_ure 6 ай бұрын

Unknown part you pulled from the 'sear' is the actual sear.

@ryanward8039 Жыл бұрын

0000 steel wool is perfect for removing crud and gak from the surfaces of the metal and the stock. You can also use it to card off loose oxides during bluing. Just make sure you de-grease it thoroughly with acetone and let it dry before use if you are using it to card rust bluing. Being as that you are just cleaning the metal, it should be fine to use as is.

@stephencarran7650 7 ай бұрын

Plug the end of the barrel and pour in CLR being careful not to get it externally. Leave overnight and then scrub it out. There should be a whole pile of black/brown sludge. You'll be amazed at how well the rifling comes up and you get a shine to the lands if not the grooves.

@mohawkdriver4155 6 ай бұрын

Dirty shame about the bore. Good job on the refurb.

@timblack6422 10 ай бұрын

Well done

@blakek4750 Жыл бұрын

Bought my RTI M.95 two years ago. I replaced the stock because it was worn down to nothing and all the metal fittings were proud of the wood. Making the ammunition has been the biggest hurdle.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Did you get the stock from Numrich (Gun Parts Corp)? I noticed they had stocks for under $30, which is incredibly cheap for a full stock.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@TexasCast&Blast just released a video on loading for 8x50r. I'm still playing around with loads, mostly IMR 4227 and 205gr cast bullets, but I plan on following his advice for jacketed

@blakek4750 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I scored the stock on ebay. I had to fabricate the rear half of the handguard as well. Big project but the rifle is unit marked to the 29th FeldJager Battalion, so worth the work I think. It's also the first rifle on which Ive experimented with rust-bluing.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@blakek4750 Sounds interesting, would like to see it! I need to research the unit marking on mine, maybe I can trace it to see what it is

@blakek4750 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I'd be happy to send some pictures. It's not the prettiest and I'm still not done working on it but it's shootable. K.u.K units are a lot harder to nail down than German ones.

@Toolness1 Жыл бұрын

Awesome vid, great format and editing and all that. Im sure it was a lot of work just putting the vid together. I think you would love a ultrasonic cleaner for the stuff you did in that pan with the simple green. I love mine, I can toss all those types of parts in it with about 20% simple green and turn the heat and ultrasonic on, then go work on the rest of the rifle and it gets everything off. It gets super hot so greasy grime just melts off as the ultrasonic action breaks it up. Ive had mine for like a decade, trick to making it last long is to siphon the water out. Lots of people dump theirs out which lets solution leak into the body and electronics and kill it. They are so worth the cost in time and effort saved. Those little wire mesh balls for making tea are perfect to hold the small parts in the big pot and be easy to keep track of. The mesh is so small I haven't met a part yet that it doesn't contain. Maybe a very tiny pin could fall thru but none I've used it with yet. I have learned several new tricks from your vids and just found your channel tonight. Good stuff.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

I've been meaning to pick one up. With more rusty guns to restore I'm sure I'll get enough use out of it!

@Toolness1 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I have worked in labs for 20 years so I've used many lab grade ultrasonic cleaners, and I have to say the Harbor Freight model has really strong cleaning action. Some units are kind of weak but not that one. Lyman even re-brands and sell the same model. I think you'd be happy with it. It's a little small but will fit most entire pistols and all minor milsurp rifle parts including bolt and trigger guard/ mag housing

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@Toolness1 The 2.5L version right?

@Toolness1 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects Yeah that's the one I have. I see they have a 6L now but I haven't used it.

@Toolness1 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects One of those 20 gallon parts washers would be really handy if I had a good spot to put it!

@RUSTYSURPLUS Жыл бұрын

Rakum that look petty good for a $200 rifle Replace the sling swivel if you can find one. The boxing was great compared to other places look at some of my unboxings Thats exactly how i clean my surplus stocks, i use DAWN detergent. Thanks for showing. I subed ya too.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

I used Dawn too, that's one household product where I believe their advertising. And yeah the packaging wasn't so bad, I've gotten much worse. Thanks for the sub!

@RUSTYSURPLUS Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects DAWN cuts the grease then decide if you need to do more ..like some bleach.

@p47rr 8 ай бұрын

With old military barrels. Use never dull polish to help clean the bore. Its cotton like. Rock Solid mounts recommends it. They have a article on their website on how and why.

@stuka_bly4t102 Жыл бұрын

I’d recommend steaming the stock to remove the dents, also m95 bolt were not blued so you should remove the bluing that formed on the bolt when you boiled it

@barthanes1 3 ай бұрын

That one seems like it should weigh less once you're done cleaning it.

@josephhomen Жыл бұрын

Awesome video. Clean the bore from the breach not the muzzle👍

@maryolee8303 Жыл бұрын

Thank You I was saying "WTF" to myself when I saw him running the brush through the muzzle end first

@revvyishonisd5027 5 ай бұрын

Damn that would suck to need a piece of brass to keep the bolt unlocked. Mine stays unlocked all on its own and they’re a pain to unlock out of the action

@rakumprojects 5 ай бұрын

Yours must not have a lot of wear on it

@Shicotillo Жыл бұрын

Если не найти новый болт, то шляпку можно обварить сварочным полуавтоматом, обточить лишнее напильником, сделать новый шлиц и сделать воронение

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

A great idea!

@josuawilkins6744 6 ай бұрын

High quality content. I see you used un distilled water for boiling your parts. People often say to use distilled water. Does it make a difference when you boil it with un distilled water?

@rakumprojects 6 ай бұрын

I've tried it before and didn't notice any difference. But then again my tap water is good quality, maybe use distilled if yours is too hard

@davidfist7801 6 ай бұрын

Before I found your channel, I never heard of boiling parts to convert red rust to a type of bluing. Is that a generally accepted method in restoring old rusty guns?

@rakumprojects 6 ай бұрын

Yes, it's pretty common for milsurp guns. It works especially well because it's essentially the same method used to apply bluing in the first place.

@evanmoses9437 5 ай бұрын

Great work. Where do you get your carbine wheels from?

@grant9939 Жыл бұрын

Good video, but probably should get of make a set of Hollow ground screwdrivers, Helps a lot to avoid and minimize mangling of the flatheads

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

I just got a set of PB Swiss slotted screwdrivers in the mail 👍

@grant9939 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects good deal!

@hoodoo2001 Жыл бұрын

Did they have a special tool to get the bolt head in? Seems odd it is so difficult.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

I noticed it was easier to get the bolt head in position after I cleaned everything up. I think it's much better on ones in better condition

@farklestaxbaum4945 6 ай бұрын

Would it be possible to ream out the chambers on these 8x50 guns to 8x56?

@rakumprojects 6 ай бұрын

Yes, if you can get a good chamber reamer it should work

@Shicotillo Жыл бұрын

Антабку (крепление ремня) стоит поискать на аукционе или изготовить самому. Если много денег нет, то ремень подойдёт от винтовки Мосина, можно тканевый, а если получится найти кожаный от ранних винтовок, то вообще будет смотреться супер.

@jameswolfeify 5 ай бұрын

What are the odds anyone will ever make replacement barrels for these rifles?

@charlene2400 Жыл бұрын

My B-grade came in, but too busy with welding jobs to go get it. You might get away with running light bullets in that. They need less to stabilize, than the long 200+gr ones.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Any suggestions? I wanted to try jacketed bullets but most are over 200gr

@charlene2400 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects you'd have to run cast for lighter ones. I think only the heavy ones are jacketed, but you can drill out some of the back end, or shorten it, if it's shot out. Try the bullet swallow test, and it might still have enough. We have opposite luck, lol. My 95's come with sewer pipes while the 88's always fire true still. I run a cast bullet in my worn out ones.

@charlene2400 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects picked up my B-grade finally, and well worth it. Some deep pits around 3-4 inches in, but high defined rifling to muzzle. Stock was nice, only having a wrist crack that wasn't deep, and missing front band screw and stacking rod. Couple items from my parts bin, and ready to rock.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@charlene2400 From what I'm hearing, this batch of B grade M95's are better overall than the 88/90's

@charlene2400 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I might chance another, hoping for even half rifling still good. I've got plenty of parts and stocks for making Stutzen" out of them. I took the "cutdown" 88/90 out today, and it groups about softball size. 8/10 where I wanted them, with first couple being fliers that blasted the rust out.

@27thRegtofFoot Жыл бұрын

Can 0000 steal wool be used in place of the wheel?

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

Yes, it will have the same effect. Later on I use 0000 steel wool to reach the places the wheel couldn't get to

@Shicotillo Жыл бұрын

Для кислоты идеально подходит пластиковая канализационная труба с заглушкой

@demos113 7 ай бұрын

You need to buy yourself some screwdrivers with wider heads for Xmas. 🙂

@Darkestdarkify 6 ай бұрын

Mark Novak would be proud.

@alejandropyri 10 ай бұрын

For my taste, it needs to remove the paint from the wood, number 16, and the wire from the strap holder

@ryanharrell8866 Жыл бұрын

Bought my mannlicher carbine from them almost 2 years ago now the carbine came dirty as hell per usual from rti. The safety didnt function correctly on the rifle and the bore was a complete sewer pipe no rifling left at all. Unfortunately the retaining pin that keeps the trigger assembly together is extremely loose and the you have to really pull the trigger hard for the gun to dry fire.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

That's odd about the trigger. Could it be gunk inside the sear assembly? The trigger itself is pretty loose on these rifles, or at least it should be.

@ryanharrell8866 Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects cleaned the sear assembly I think the parts just might be worn down

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@ryanharrell8866 Not surprising for an RTI gun

@joelopezjl28 Жыл бұрын

Def guna sub

@wonderwulf Жыл бұрын

2:36 looks like 42 LR to me, that'd be 42nd landwehr regiment, which didn't exist to my knowledge. Hard to tell from stills, does it look like a 42 to you?

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

It could be 42 LR. The 2 and the R are very clear and the 4 I'm pretty sure of. I can't make out an L, or anything really, but there is space for a letter.

@wonderwulf Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects if it is just 42 R that is very easy to interpret as the 42nd regiment. 42 LR didnt exist so I think 42 R is much more likely if you cant see anything between them.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@wonderwulf I'll have to do more research. At least with German markings they wouldn't have left space between the 42 and the R unless there was another letter in there. It's very hard to tell since it's so worn down.

@wonderwulf Жыл бұрын

@@rakumprojects I have seen some AH stuff where there is a space, I have seen more without but several with. Usually when it's just a single letter following the number.

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

@@wonderwulf Good info, thanks! I'm always curious what the unit markings mean

@george2113 6 ай бұрын

Why are royal tiger imports so expensive?

@tonydaniels3093 6 ай бұрын

You should use distilled water when boiling

@davidv.3135 Жыл бұрын

Another $50.00 wall hanger from Rotten Tiger Imports! Good job cleaning it up.

@ielwood927 11 ай бұрын

where do you find 8x50r ammo i cant find any

@rakumprojects 11 ай бұрын

I reload my own. A new company, Casto's Curios makes it in small batches.

@kevinjohnston4512 Жыл бұрын

I have one or a 8.56r

@jasontorre3267 Жыл бұрын

Next time you remove the bolt put a dime between bolt and bolt body.

@Shicotillo Жыл бұрын

Вот я не понимаю, почему нельзя было всё ободрать железной щёткой, а потом по чистому железу сделать новое воронение?

@rakumprojects Жыл бұрын

I could have completely refinished it, but I wanted to keep the original patina

@tpledger100 6 ай бұрын

Wash your hands!

@frankvalice6180 6 ай бұрын

Royal tiger imports is a scam the “grade” doesn’t mean any thing I bought a m1917 enfield for 1,000$ for the a grade and I was hyped the moment I took it out of the shitty box they sent it to the ffl in my hands were covered in a mixture of muck and rust I tried using the bolt and it was tough when I fired it too 8 seconds for the pin to go all the way I took it to an old gunsmith my brother used the look on the clerk and gunsmith faces when I showed them the fireing mechanism was absolute shock and horror they then told me they have never seen such a horrifically maintained rifle. GOD BLESS them they not only took it all apart and made it look brand spanking new they showed me the broken cartridge extractor that they fixed and it was now perfect. I reported them to the better business bureau and they said AND I QUOTE “ the reason that it was like that is because it’s been sitting in a box for decades.” So if I bought the grade b or c witch was only 600$ it would have been worse. I can’t stress this enough DO NOT BUY FROM THESE SCAMERS THEY GIVE RIFLES AT FULL PRICE THAT ARE NOT EVEN MAINTAINED

@rakumprojects 6 ай бұрын

That's terrible. 1k is pretty much retail price for one in good condition. The CMP just announced theyre selling some for not much more than that

@chadwhitman1811 9 ай бұрын

All those rifles were probably confiscated from one of the many tribal miltias of Ethiopia. Maybe it was maintained and stored by desert goat herders.