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Phagocytosis Mechanism, Recognition and Engulfment (Animation) | Chediak Higashi Syndrome | USMLE
Phagocytosis, a vital aspect of the immune response, involves several sequential steps: chemotaxis, recognition, adherence, engulfment, phagosome formation, phagolysosome formation, and destruction or digestion of the target. Initially, chemoattractants stimulate phagocytes to migrate towards pathogens. Recognition occurs when phagocytes identify foreign particles through binding to specific receptors, such as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Adherence then follows, as the phagocyte attaches to the target via receptor-ligand interactions. Engulfment is initiated when the phagocyte extends pseudopods around the target, enclosing it within a phagosome. In Chediak-Higashi syndrome, a rare genetic disorder, phagocytosis is impaired due to defects in lysosomal trafficking, resulting in enlarged lysosomes called giant lysosomes. These abnormalities hinder the cell's ability to degrade engulfed pathogens, compromising the immune response.
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