Physicist Reviews Black Mesa Research Facility

Рет қаралды 27,702

Күн бұрын

Hello fellow scientists and engineers, I am QuanticDev, and even though I develop software, I studied semiconductor physics and electronics. I also worked at my university's nuclear research institute in the particle accelerator facility, designing control systems for about two years. In this video, I will review the infamous Black Mesa Research Facility. I will try to compare it to a real nuclear research facility, though I'm pretty sure that Lord Gaben didn't budge on the scientific accuracy of his creation.
In the video, I will show you what a real a nuclear research lab looks like. I will also demonstrate the control systems of the facility. During my time in the nuclear research lab, I've created the first design of the control systems of the facility. And I've also written the first version of the facility control system software. After two years, I jumped 100% into software engineering so I couldn't witness the finalization of the project. However, I should still have a pretty good understanding of these types of research labs, so let's jump in and asses Black Mesa!
Tip: Black Mesa, the infamous research facility built around an abandoned Cold War ICBM launch silo in the New Mexico desert. It is the research site that the game Half-Life takes place initially. The inspiration for Black Mesa comes from Los Alamos National Security Science Lab, which was established for the Manhattan Project to design the first atomic bomb.
My "University of Ankara, TAC Particle Accelerator Control Systems" document. This is the very first draft of the controller systems of my university's particle accelerator, which I've written during my work there:
* soygul.com/tac-control-systems
Demo of the nuclear research lab control system software that I've written during my time in the research lab:
* • EPICS .NET: Particle A...
If you want to read more about the Black Mesa Research Facility:
* combineoverwiki.net/wiki/Blac...
* half-life.fandom.com/wiki/Bla...
If you want to read more about the Los Alamos National Security Science Lab, which is the inspiration for Black Mesa:
* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Ala...
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/ quanticdev
/ quantic_dev
quanticdev.com

Пікірлер: 168

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

In coming videos, I will talk more about my past in the nuclear research lab that I worked and developed control systems for. Switching from physics/electronics to software was not easy, but it was well worth the effort for me. Hit that bell button not to miss the upcoming videos. I'll see you again soon.

@Pracedru 7 ай бұрын

Well Black Mesa is supposed to be a mid 1990 scientific research facility. CRT's and more manual controls are more common here.

@AlleghenyAlternations 3 жыл бұрын

info for you: black mesa isn't JUST a research lab. it's a dam, weapons testing facility, and satellite rocket launch area.

@IndefiniteMarine 3 жыл бұрын

Satellite, that's how you spell it

@humanleader184 2 жыл бұрын

honestly black mesa is just the science place

@fantasybabydino 2 жыл бұрын

@@humanleader184 well it was

@keiyakins 2 жыл бұрын

That last one makes very little sense. We launch from the coasts for a reason: there's a lot less stuff for spent stages to hit. With ICBMs sure it's not the main driver of damage, but with space launches you generally want to be a little cleaner. But yeah, the security makes sense when you remember they're working on stuff like teleportation and xenobiology. And the implications they knew the resonance cascade was going to happen...

@keiyakins 2 жыл бұрын

@@AlleghenyAlternations sure but they could ship it to Florida for roughly-equatorial orbits or California for polar ones.

@rumraket38 2 жыл бұрын

Some parts of the facility look much more realistic than others. Much later in the game there's an underground nuclear power plant that powers the facility, that you have to turn on, and some parts of it it actually looks a lot like a real nuclear power plant might look like inside.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

I really like it when game developers incorporate realistic elements into their designs. It definitely adds a lot to the immersion. I guess especially true if you recognize those elements.

@circleinforthecube5170 7 ай бұрын

@@QuanticDev i love it when its realistic enough you can identify it as part of real architectural styles instead of game'y architecture, black mesa really does resemble a facility that was expanded upon over the 70s 80s and 90s like many real american buildings with large footprints

@inazgxl 2 жыл бұрын

"I assume this rocket is for scientific purposes" ahahahaha And based on the several alien life forms you see them keeping in Questionable Ethics and the highly experimental teleport stuff in Lambda Core and Anomalous Materials, I really don't blame the massive amount of security they have everywhere.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Add the gravity guns to the list. Better safe than sorry... or so they must have thought.

@Helios8170 Жыл бұрын

"What happens in Black Mesa stays in Black Mesa" Well, when you're a top secret facility running on DoD funding and conducting teleportation experiments and making contact with different worlds with their own flora and fauna, you're gonna want to keep that under wraps.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

true.. especially when the lab is called "anomalous materials lab"

@codemancz798 7 ай бұрын

@@QuanticDev And ironically, that's probably the least conspicuous area of the facility. It's what it says - an area where anomalous ("weird", "unusual") materials are handled and experimented on.

@WednesdayMan 2 жыл бұрын

honestly you should look at this from the idea that this is a research lab from around the 90s to early 2000s, I'm not sure when Black Mesa got their systems it could've been earlier.

@TinyDeskEngineer Жыл бұрын

There's also the fact that Black Mesa _was_ also originally some decommissioned military base from the Cold War. So some of the things might be from that.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Good point. Some of the panels (especially the power plant control systems) look like it's from WW II, whereas the server rooms upstairs look like they were freshly built. A good example of ancient tech powering brand-new stuff. Not a safety hazard at all...

@raphaeldelacattho3000 2 жыл бұрын

actually this game takes place in the timeline of 1998, so maybe that is why they are still sticking to old school control panels than computers. Nice video anyways, got to learn new stuff

@TheArkman360 2 жыл бұрын

Actually it takes place during the 2000's. Never specified when only that's it's the 2000's. I like to think it takes place in 2000 - 2001

@raphaeldelacattho3000 2 жыл бұрын

@@TheArkman360 Gordon doesn't needs to hear all this, he is a highly trained professional

@Croz89 2 жыл бұрын

For simple repetitive actions, nothing beats a control panel with big lights and buttons. You still find them on a lot of scientific equipment, even the new stuff.

@candacecoyle6810 Жыл бұрын

@@TheArkman360 i believe it is canonically set in 2003.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Yup, we had giant old-school gauges and giant red/green buttons on our ~2010 built equipment in our research lab too. Grabbing the mouse and the keyboard in the event of an emergency is a big no-no. However, the lower levels at the end of the game (power reactor) really look like WW II stuff. New on old build.. very typical of government labs.

@mauser98kar Жыл бұрын

4:48 - A cargo helicopter, I assume. Yes, this heli brings cargo. In form of 8 to 16 Hellfire missiles.

@LCOfficerUNIT097 7 ай бұрын

and a 30mm chaingun

@noziigu4671 5 ай бұрын

lmao

@lawrenicium9460 3 жыл бұрын

You should make more videos like this, it was really enjoying to watch

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

I'm working on one as I write this!

@AustinDallasPictures 3 жыл бұрын

Great video, dude. It's so cool to know that real scientists play Half-Life!

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

Of course. It's still the best game ever made in my book. It would be a shame if we didn't!

@umutvuralkurt5023 3 жыл бұрын

What

@humanleader184 2 жыл бұрын

i like to imagine black mesa is what scp facilities look like

@QuanticDev 2 жыл бұрын

It would be fun to see some SCP references in some games actually!

@generikusername 7 ай бұрын

This is an old video but theres SCP: 5K which takes place in Area 12 and has a linear campaign

@stephengilchrist6595 2 жыл бұрын

Black Mesa wasn't just a nuclear research facility, it became part civilian with military capabilities.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Hh yes, very much true. With a ~10K headcount, they must have been even researching teleportation, gravity guns, and a giant rocket.. for reasons (I'm referring to the blast pit level)

@codemancz798 7 ай бұрын

@@QuanticDev The rockets weren't exactly a secret. Black Mesa has both working and defunct silos used for launching satellites.

@lyokianhitchhiker 2 жыл бұрын

The mantis robot is used for transporting crates.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

True, thanks for the clarification. They would make one hell of a ride.

@Infantryman755 Жыл бұрын

"The entire army is here" Very soon my friend very soon.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

ow, Half-Life 2 review inbound!

@rey4874 3 жыл бұрын

Fascinating video, I've always wanted to see what a real scientist would think of Black Mesa

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

I would work there. That's what I think of it!

@rey4874 3 жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev until a catastrophic dimensional tear ensues, that is!

@usamazahid3882 Жыл бұрын

@@rey4874 Yeah, if he wears a HEV that is.

@anxiouslycalm2929 3 жыл бұрын

Great Video but there wasn't any mention of wearing ridiculous ties

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

Oh shoot, I forgot about it! In black mesa version, they even move and flap around ridiculously.

@Daniel__Nobre 7 ай бұрын

Love this! It’s like hearing Gordon Freeman’s thoughts/narration sometimes :) Thank you for sharing your knowledge

@techachech 3 жыл бұрын

I hope you know that black mesa is a community recreation of half life so it will be better and have realistic aspects.Otherwise good video!

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

Yes I know. It's a much much better than the original Half-Life as I remembered it. Enough to raise another Half-Life generation of scientists.

@lyokianhitchhiker 2 жыл бұрын

I should point out that in the original game, OSHA would’ve had a field day.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Transit systems going over hazardous materials, questionable experiments, first class (!) safety practices.. oh yes, I can imagine. It sure makes for an exciting game though.

@lyokianhitchhiker Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev The version in the remake is more compliant. Of course, gameplay-wise, progression requires you to go against the safety guidelines

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

True. I now think that I should have made the review on the original one.

@lyokianhitchhiker Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev Even the original at least has the excuse of "giving the fabric of reality the mother of all atomic wedgies caused massive structural damage". Assuming you continue this into the actual gameplay, wait until you see JUST how badly everything got busted

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

@@lyokianhitchhiker Well, thanks for the fair warning. I'll finish both when the Blue Shift mod is finalized: www.moddb.com/mods/black-mesa-blue-shift-remake

@Kate_DerWolf Жыл бұрын

What a wonderful video, really like how you compare a real research facility to Black Mesa. Is really interesting to get a perspective from a real Physicist from a real research facility. Love it very much and was a bit shock on how the Black Mesa development team actually got some things right. Also, explain on how everything works and how it stays working smoothly. Amazing video over all!

@archangelapache2953 7 ай бұрын

4:47 *Sees Apache attack helicopter* “ah yes, transport helicopter”

@NetEngs4UA 10 ай бұрын

This was quite a treat to watch! And quite a nostalgic trip down the memory lane for those of us, who are the 90s kids and still remember the original HL1 release. 😅

@Shinotama Жыл бұрын

I love that you called the Apache AH-64 Attack Helecopter a cargo helicopter haha.. Nothing suspicious about seeing that in a research base.. Cool commentary either way :P

@TheTdw2000 Жыл бұрын

Gordon doesn't need to hear all this he's a highly trained professional

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

well true, the guy is from MIT & also very good at using a crowbar..

@concordat 11 ай бұрын

I believe there have been mods made for the original version of Half-Life that let you explore the facility, pre-disaster. Seems like that might be ideal for this type of video.

@HECU.Corpsman 3 жыл бұрын

'' cargo helicopter '' Nah thats an Apache Gunship military grade attack helicopter

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

I checked it out and it's actually true. "The AH-64 Apache is a US military attack helicopter used by the HECU and the Black Ops during the Black Mesa Incident". Well well, the more I learn about Black Mesa.

@HECU.Corpsman 3 жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev Also, you should check out the Anti Mass Spectromiter and Teleportation Technologys, as well as XEN

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

@@HECU.Corpsman I will. I will check their scientific accuracy also and maybe make a full vid for the entire game. Also, the discussion here is epic: www.reddit.com/r/AskScienceFiction/comments/1sqzis/halflife_how_exactly_does_an_antimass/

@HECU.Corpsman 3 жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev Also, i think you'll have fun explaining the T.A.U Cannon and G.L.U.O.N Gun. (( By the way, to explain these being here, Black Mesa is a major weapons resaercher and manufactorer. And After the Resonance Cascade all the security will make sense ))

@TheArkman360 2 жыл бұрын

@@HECU.Corpsman One correction. The Tau Cannon and Gluon Gun aren't acronyms. Taus are an elementary particle similar to the electron while Gluons are an elementary particle that acts as the exchange particle (or gauge boson) for the strong force between quarks.

@godlikeselephants 2 жыл бұрын

So what I got from this is that the half-life scientist ai are somewhat accurate according to his description of his co-workers.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Yes, it seems like the Half-Life developers did a pretty good job of capturing the essence of scientists and their behaviors. Of course, there is some exaggerations for the sake of entertainment.. Now only if I didn't forget my gravity gun at the lab

@Transit_Angst 2 жыл бұрын

I love the "office space" reference in black mesa

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Good catch! Now I'm deadly curious if there are red staplers lying around in the facility. I'll check!

@scottl.1568 2 жыл бұрын

bloody brilliant

@newatlantisrepublic6844 2 жыл бұрын

I was PDM at Black Mesa back in the 90s I'd take a Jeep to all of the above ground stations in the area and then I'd check the stations within the facility itself Great job! Lots of independence with no one look over your shoulder. Sometimes I'd park the Jeep at a quiet corner and have lunch, listen to the radio talk Every once in awhile, I'd catch a freight lift to the underground and eat in one of the many cafeterias and chat with the researchers there - you'd be surprised how many of them would casually talk about "classified" research, lol

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

and occasionally smuggle the gravity gun out of the labs for some fun

@der.Schtefan 7 ай бұрын

I think most of the Black Mesa and Aperture Science compounds are built around old salt mines, which end up looking like this, HUGE CAVERNS, extreme sizes. NaCL forms extremely stable formations, but is easy to mine out. That's also the reason why the complex seems so spread out.

@circleinforthecube5170 7 ай бұрын

only aperature is a mine, northern michigan is know for that while black mesa is old missle silos expanded upon for half a century

@codemancz798 7 ай бұрын

Black Mesa (a bulk of it anyway) is apparently built into Cold War-era bunkers bought from the US government, which explains the presence of silos.

@potatogamer4200 3 жыл бұрын

Wow nice video, you are so underrated

@PieroMinayaRojas 3 жыл бұрын

You should review the original Half-Life and its expansions

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

I will do it.. but with a scientific look.

@springcop3763 2 жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev opposing force , a US army, Blue shift, a Security Guard.

@TauGeneration 2 жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev i'm looking forward on the explanation that hey have about portals in the expansion packs. heh

@Edude117 3 жыл бұрын

Super cool video.

@gehteuchnixan8256 6 ай бұрын

Indeed some huge lobbys or waiting areas in the game, which you shouldn't expect inside a real science lab. Entrance halls like this are more to expect in public areas, like a show room, a hotel, or whereever many guests are expected and wanted to be impressed, but not deep inside a research facility, where the scientific personal is just passing by. But of course this was designed for the message that black mesa is just gigantic in size with an unlimited pool of money. The always present security personal also made me smile. Concealment is one thing, but an armed guard at every third internal door, whose only job is to open the door for a scientist... a lot of 30k $/yr salarys that have to be earned.

@gs7326 21 күн бұрын

hey! loved it. i wish you'd redo it with Project Lambda. It's much more detailed, and brings this legendary facility to life even further

@polyblank73 2 жыл бұрын

Well, there is a bit of a difference between your research institute. It is much bigger! They research biology, chemistry, physics, weapons development, and much more. Also the place you start the ride is the living quarters, or at least very close to it.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Ofc, my institute was ~50 people, Mesa (or Los Alamos) is ~10K. They better be researching everything with that kind of combined brain power.

@miguela.p.8149 3 жыл бұрын

Video very underrated.

@DogsRNice 3 жыл бұрын

You should replace the fandom wiki link with the combine overwiki since that’s the better half life wiki

@QuanticDev 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the suggestion. It looks to be a much better and detailed source of info. I put it above the fandom link, and left fandom there for people who want a brief summary.

@Dlowr7 Жыл бұрын

4:55 that aint no cargo helicopter lol that's an attack helicopter. You can see the missile selves on the side.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Dang it, I missed that. Maybe they don't want surprise visitors from other dimensions.. I also have an unstoppable desire to make an "I identify as an attack helicopter...".. nvm nvm

@nonameman7114 Жыл бұрын

This is really interesting and informative. I’m designing this huge underground research facility for my sci-fi series and came across this because I’m a huge half life fan. What are some things that media gets wrong about these type of work environments?

@komradwide4660 6 ай бұрын

Do PC's and Servers in the facilities you worked in run Windows or Linux (or a mix of both)?

@harukamisaki 2 жыл бұрын

harika olmuş.

@HyperMAX9001 6 ай бұрын

Very enjoyable to watch, please comment the resto f the facility.

@CrazyKosai 2 жыл бұрын

All hail lord Gaben, let he bless us with exquisite Steam sales.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Amen! Also, those Lord Gaben photoshops are top-notch.

@thatlutherfan Ай бұрын

that was an AH-64 apache, not a cargo helicopter. If im correct, its for military weapons research.

@Zartren 6 ай бұрын

TPS reports and the request to come in on Saturday are a reference to the Office Space movie.

@enocescalona 7 ай бұрын

i would love more scientists to take a look at the Half-Life world. Am curious what other physicists would think of both remake and the original Black Mesa as a whole.

@MagnetismR Жыл бұрын

"This should shake up those Grand Unification boys, hm?" "Are you sure you checked the Eigen attenuators?" "Are you running those tunneling lattice calculations again?" The best 1998 has to offer.

@ImBadAtNames2876 Жыл бұрын

half life, the game this is absed off of, has an expansion called decay which i hear has a section in the dormitories, but both other expansions and the original game itself have quite an expansive map of the facility. in fact half life i spired me to design a fictional research base of my own that i call titan forge

@Valehass 5 ай бұрын

4:45 that is an apache gunship, not a "cargo helicopter", I agree a transport would make a lot more sense but I think its purpose is to patrol the vast out lying perimeter of the Black Mesa facility for intruders (human presumably).

@dominicsouthern7672 Жыл бұрын

Your forgetting the fact that the game takes place somewhere in betweem the late 90s and 2000

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

You're right actually. Considering the time period, it would be interesting to see how the technology of the Black Mesa Research Facility compares to real-world tech-labs of that era (i.e. Los Alamos itself). If I was back in college, I would ask my professors.. but alas

@brandonb1681 2 жыл бұрын

You are a scientist. How long before we have fusion power? Since I was a teen in the 80's, it has always been just 1 decade away.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Well, mini fusion reactors are already here: www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/compact-fusion.html The only problem is that they consume more energy than they produce. The most authoritative figure in the subject says that he won't live to see fusion in action so I might agree with him: sciencebusiness.net/news/iter-chief-i-wont-live-see-benefits-fusion-i-will-help-us-get-there

@mrsubject1 10 ай бұрын

@@QuanticDevheard that recently there has been a replicated test that produced a small amount of power in the last month or two so not long now hopefully!

@Xomtheproto 2 ай бұрын

I want to see this dude react to the original half life facility

@evanlee93 Жыл бұрын

this isn't the real black mesa, it's just a "fan" made one.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

true, should have been clearer about that. but they are one heck of fans, working on the mod for a decade or so

@toxic_shr00m Жыл бұрын

could you do this for the original game if you haven't already?

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

I actually want to do this for the Blue Shift mod first, as soon as it is finished: www.moddb.com/mods/black-mesa-blue-shift-remake though bringing one of my professors for a commentary on the original one is a fabulous idea! I'll consider that

@toxic_shr00m Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev I have a bias against black mesa but also the original game is a lot more goofy with its random science fiction technology and rampant workplace safety violations so it would probably be a very joke centered video if you did that. I look forward to that next video though!

@rpgmafia8363 Жыл бұрын

is the lambda comlex a good nuclear reactor ?

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

if you're looking for a good nuclear reactor, it's always best to stick with the ones that don't open portals to other dimensions. 😉

@rpgmafia8363 Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev i think thats actually a good feature

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Agreed, but only for the kind doesn't randomly teleport you to Xen

@usuarionaoincluido7733 Жыл бұрын

that its happening because of the anomalous materieals lab witch if making extremely high demage at the facility

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

yup that's true. should have mentioned the anomalous materials lab as the genesis of all events. thanks for adding it

@usuarionaoincluido7733 Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev no worries+i love your vids

@darkravenbest8970 Жыл бұрын

You should say "i will see you up ahead" in the end.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

maaan, that's a missed opportunity. I should have dressed as the G-Man even to appear at the end of the vid... next time, when they finish the Blue Shift mod: www.moddb.com/mods/black-mesa-blue-shift-remake

@BenoHourglass 6 ай бұрын

Half-Life is set in the year 2000, so keep that in mind when looking at everything.

@Iron_Soil Жыл бұрын

2:09 funny that you say that....

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

hehe, including Gordon

@Iron_Soil Жыл бұрын

@@QuanticDev i was talking about the millitary cleanup that happens in the game. they kill everyone, including the scientists

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Yup 👍 I also meant the scientists with "Gordon"

@zebitus5731 Жыл бұрын

Black Mesa is alot more cluttered than O.G HL1, I recommend also checking the original HL1 out too.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

yup, good suggestion. I'm actually thinking of bringing one of my professors for an actual commentary on the original one.. now I wonder how many of 'em played the game

@zebitus5731 Жыл бұрын

@QuanticDev Very nice, also I really like how despite it being a late response you still responded. I love when content creators respond to comments

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

@@zebitus5731 And I like it when there are very diverse opinions. It's like being back in a class.

@unibananabob009 Жыл бұрын

Black Mesa isn't made by Valve

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

dang it, that's a pretty bad typo by me. thanks for pointing it out, and my apologies to the crowbar col. guys. on an unrelated note the Blue Shift mod is amazing: www.moddb.com/mods/black-mesa-blue-shift-remake (not made by Valve or Crowbar guys)

@plutoidrepublic2765 2 жыл бұрын

if ur gonna reveiw black mesa you gotta review aperture

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Whoa, "Overwhelmingly Positive (18,927)" on Steam. I'll check it out, thanks!

@claysoggyfries 3 жыл бұрын

Handsome lady killer black dude old balding man with glasses

@professorawaland7968 3 жыл бұрын

Such a shame, original content being underrated

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

Well, copying is the first step toward originality. Original Half-Life is my favorite game for life.. and probably the best game ever made.

@dynamoproductions8922 2 жыл бұрын

half life game very epic

@alienozi 2 жыл бұрын

TARLA? bugday

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

yeah... unfortunate acronym (or unfortunate choice of name)

@z.d.e.computer_scientist8555 Жыл бұрын

Fun fact : it's based on a real story ! XD 😂😂😂

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

I really wonder if there are any research facilities with an "anomalous materials lab" :D

@mr2meows 7 ай бұрын

i dont think black mesa is very realistic because you can see fog and water through walls

@mscapeh4451 Жыл бұрын

You are wrong in black mesa its taking inspiration from area 51 if you diden´t knew that.

@QuanticDev Жыл бұрын

yup my mistake, I know the real inspiration is from Los Alamos National Lab, but I somehow thought that they also operated (or at least used) Area 51