The Astounding Physics of N95 Masks

Рет қаралды 2,581,455

4 жыл бұрын

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This video was written in collaboration with Aatish Bhatia - aatishb.com
To learn more about using & decontaminating N95 masks: www.n95decon.org
Thanks to Manu Prakash for useful discussion and feedback (Manu is involved with the N95 decontamination project)
Support MinutePhysics on Patreon! / minutephysics
Link to Patreon Supporters: www.minutephysics.com/supporters/
The physics & engineering of N95 mask design is pretty incredible.
REFERENCES
10X efficiency of electrically charged fibers
"The electrostatic charge of N95 masks is a major contributor to their filtration efficiency, improving it at least 10-fold over uncharged fabric" (Tsai et al., Journal of Electrostatics 2002; Peter Tsai, personal communication).
Prakash Lab COVID-19 Response Group Working Draft Document on N95 masks: docs.google.com/document/d/1a...
“Electrostatic charge contributes as much as 95% of the filtration efficiency”
Molina, A., Vyas, P., Khlystov, N., Kumar, S., Kothari, A., Deriso, D., ... & Prakash, M. (2020). Project 1000 x 1000: Centrifugal melt spinning for distributed manufacturing of N95 filtering facepiece respirators. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.13494. arxiv.org/pdf/2004.13494.pdf
Tsai, P. P., Schreuder-Gibson, H., & Gibson, P. (2002). Different electrostatic methods for making electret filters. Journal of electrostatics, 54(3-4), 333-341. www.researchgate.net/profile/...
History of Electrets
Jefimenko, O. D., & Walker, D. K. (1980). Electrets. The Physics Teacher, 18(9), 651-659. aapt.scitation.org/doi/abs/10...
Physics of Air Filtration
Hinds, W. C. (1999). Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. John Wiley & Sons. www.wiley.com/en-us/Aerosol+T...
Scientific consortium for data-driven study of N95: www.n95decon.org/
N95 & virus particle sizes
Bałazy, A., Toivola, M., Adhikari, A., Sivasubramani, S. K., Reponen, T., & Grinshpun, S. A. (2006). Do N95 respirators provide 95% protection level against airborne viruses, and how adequate are surgical masks?. American journal of infection control, 34(2), 51-57. citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/...
Harnish, D. A., Heimbuch, B. K., Husband, M., Lumley, A. E., Kinney, K., Shaffer, R. E., & Wander, J. D. (2013). Challenge of N95 filtering facepiece respirators with viable H1N1 influenza aerosols. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology, 34(5), 494-499. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
Liao, L., Xiao, W., Zhao, M., Yu, X., Wang, H., Wang, Q., ... & Cui, Y. (2020). "Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? How many times?. ACS nano. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
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Пікірлер: 5 900

@TheSecondVersion 4 жыл бұрын

4:24 - Facial hair causing imperfect seals in masks led to the decline of facial hair in militaries in WW1. Before then, soldiers were generally *required* to grow a moustache if they were able to. But when gas masks became necessary due to chemical warfare, a clean-shaven face was needed to maximize the effectiveness of the seals.

@elejelly3986 4 жыл бұрын

Why was it required ?

@weeknieunknowing 4 жыл бұрын

@deadplaya 4 жыл бұрын

@@elejelly3986 "From 1860 to 1916, the British Army imposed mandatory dress regulations on their soldiers, including the requirement to have a mustache."

@kaizer4506 4 жыл бұрын

Elejelly According to this article, it was in Britain and came from the French, who typically wore mustaches to “boast...virility and strength.” So apparently it was to make everyone look more manly. No beards tho, just mustaches www.google.com/amp/s/www.thevintagenews.com/2019/03/01/mustache-law/amp/

@wazzup105 4 жыл бұрын

When I trained as a fire fighter I had to shave as well because the breathing apparatus must have a closed seal.

@georgplaz 3 жыл бұрын

If you live outside the US and never heard of N95 (like myself), it's because N95 is an American standard. In Europe for example we use the FFP1, FFP2 and FFP3 masks. N95 are about as good as the FFP2 masks

@shorebreak69 3 жыл бұрын

In Australia we call them P2, still have a couple left over from the fires. We've had a great year, out of the fire,into the frying pan.

@zaidhasnain9192 3 жыл бұрын

@@shorebreak69 I love how half of the idiom is actually true and the other half is an actual idiom

@abhishekchaubey9849 3 жыл бұрын

in India its also n95

@superposition2644 3 жыл бұрын

401st like!

@Hfchgdhijgvv 3 жыл бұрын

In China we call it mask

@EgansChannel Жыл бұрын

**sigh*, *turns comments to newest first**

@baibai9009 3 жыл бұрын

As a scientist always using N95 but had no clue about its mechanics, thanks a lot for preparing the video and explaining it explicitly!

@truthseeker7815 2 жыл бұрын

Bad

@Channel9iNE 2 жыл бұрын

@@truthseeker7815 what

@danielm.1441 4 жыл бұрын

Henry you really need to put your footnotes up for longer than a 10th of a second.

@sebastianstark3224 4 жыл бұрын

you can always use periods and commas if youre on pc to switch from frame to frame

@generalginger7804 4 жыл бұрын

@@sebastianstark3224 i had to put it on .25 to read that (mobile)

@Serafiniert 4 жыл бұрын

Wait, there were footnotes?

@nerdygamer11 4 жыл бұрын

I can appreciate some videos may do that as a stylistic choice, but I watched this on my phone during a lunch break and youtube’s video ui on the phone is super imprecise. It was frustrating to try and catch all the little footnotes.

@LikhitK 4 жыл бұрын

Exactly 😂

@alejandrovizcarra7697 3 жыл бұрын

The most outstanding explanation I ever heard of N95

@alejandrovizcarra7697 3 жыл бұрын

Yep it’s me

@zock_zock9147 3 жыл бұрын

Aren’t you the time traveler??

@xonerate371 3 жыл бұрын

@Alejandro Vizcarra Congratulations here is your award for being the most gullible brainwashed citizen of whatever country you currently reside. P.s. this channel is corporately owned. Why would you let them tell you how to think? Start to think for yourselves or you are all in deep shit. Peace.

@ejsannic7712 3 жыл бұрын

X onerate goddamn this is why people hate people like you

@bryansuh1985 3 жыл бұрын

How many have you heard

@doddleoddle 2 жыл бұрын

such a great explanation

@fiferplayeralt7118 2 жыл бұрын

pretty rare for a new comment from a verified and on the top sort comment section 15 minutes after found

@Autogenification 2 жыл бұрын

@@fiferplayeralt7118 LOL well creators don't always watch stuff as it comes out, most of them use youtube just like you and I :)

@truthseeker7815 2 жыл бұрын

@@fiferplayeralt7118, indeed

@Schekelbruder Жыл бұрын

No, it is not. You are godless. That explains much more

@francopino8189 2 жыл бұрын

I consider this video very educating and allows non technical people to understand how disposable masks can protect them. I would like to ask for your permission to translate it into Spanish to be able to share it with my contacts.

@lyde9272 2 жыл бұрын

You can just add captions here on the official KZfaq video :)

@Cpt_Katsuragi 2 жыл бұрын

@@lyde9272, it says: "No captions available for this video".

@jacobc9221 Жыл бұрын

I just checked the captions, and Spanish is an option. Not auto-generated, too.

@Brodes1983 4 жыл бұрын

Yes, the Nokia N95 was genius.

@darkwinter6028 4 жыл бұрын

Makes phone calls AND protects you from COVID-19! 😷

@Jonathan-ds7fx 3 жыл бұрын

Stop bruh kzfaq.info/get/bejne/d7eUjLKntqjZhWQ.html

@MegaCraigh 3 жыл бұрын

It really was. My first big kid phone a decade ago and I still miss it. Way ahead of its time. Smarter than a few smartphones I've had after it. Nokia's fall from glory soon after was very unfortunate.

@AA-fn9xz 3 жыл бұрын

In this case the 95 means, invulnerable in 95% of cases.

@conanichigawa 3 жыл бұрын

Connecting people.

@pafnutiytheartist 3 жыл бұрын

I have never heard about electrets before. I demand a video on how the physics of them works ASAP.

@InXLsisDeo 3 жыл бұрын

An electret is a dipole where the north and south poles are electrically charged.Typically there will be positive ions on one side of the bar, and negative ones on the other side.

@vdd7393 3 жыл бұрын

@@InXLsisDeo yes, but how do they maintain that charge? Normally a charged particle loses its charge from daily interactions with other air particles, like a temporary magnet. So what makes an Electret more like a permanent magnet?

@sion8 3 жыл бұрын

*+*

@jophmac 3 жыл бұрын

Well, one way is to take an insulator, melt it, put some dipolar molecules in it, then solidify it in a strong electric field, causing the now secured dipolar molecules to generate their own electric field. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electret For n95 masks, after filtering material is melt blown, it is bombarded by electrons from a corona discharge mechanism. www.lisungroup.com/products/mask-produce-and-test-machine/meltblown-cloth-electrostatic-electret-generator.html However, this charge can dissipates over time. Another way is to bombard an insulator with electrons, causing them to get caught inside the insulator, which gives it a fairly permanent electric charge. For fun, some people bombard acrylic plastic with 5 million volt electron beam to near the dielectric breakdown, then ground the ~2 million volt electret acrylic plastic, causing neat lighting tunnels : kzfaq.info/get/bejne/rtKqfLh83qeVlYU.html

@anamoljgaikwad7325 3 жыл бұрын

@@jophmac Mask against Corona virus Brought to you by Corona discharge Btw great info.. Thanks

@LT72884 2 жыл бұрын

Welcome to fluid dynamics class 101. I am a medical and aerospace engineer and this is spot on.

@monkeycousin3382 2 жыл бұрын

How the fuck is one so smart to do these two subjects simultaneously holy shit...

@LT72884 2 жыл бұрын

@@monkeycousin3382 its been VERY difficult. Alot of classes over lap though. The ones that disnt are the medical classes. Juat an example of what i have taken. Started when i was 23. Had a bachelor's in cybersecurity then switched. Have 13 semesters of math, 7 of physics, 3 chem, 3 of materials, machining, and a bunch more haha.

@monkeycousin3382 2 жыл бұрын

@@LT72884 Just a curiosity: do you "believe" in stuff like chronic fatigue syndrome or fibromyalgia?

@LT72884 2 жыл бұрын

@@monkeycousin3382 as in they can be caused by viruses? Viruses can trigger auto immune stuff

@thebathroomreport4848 6 ай бұрын

I've been wearing an N95 since the start of this horrific ongoing pandemic and have not had Covid, Flu, Cold, Respiratory Infection for the last 4 years. They work. And yes, dudes with beards who want to avoid Covid may have to reconsider their facial hair as per @TheSecondVersion ↙

@7QHook 4 ай бұрын

still getting boosters?

@paddleduck5328 4 ай бұрын

That’s awesome

@thomase13 4 ай бұрын

@@7QHookThe mRNA were a scam, but thankfully we have Novavax now, which actually works!

@ignatz14 4 ай бұрын

They weren't but go on. @@thomase13

@BbB-vr9uh 4 ай бұрын

I have gotten sick the last 3 times I’ve been on a plane, so I just ordered some n95 masks for future trips to hopefully reduce my chance of getting sick.

@Respectable_Username 3 жыл бұрын

I remember about 6 months ago when Australia dipped into its supply of n95 masks to help people cope with the bushfire smoke, believing it was unlikely there'd be a pandemic requiring them any time soon before they could be restocked. The universe has a great sense of dramatic irony.

@N1rOx 3 жыл бұрын

Yeah nah, she'll be right mate - Scott Morrison, Australian Prime Minister.

@WBMPhotography 3 жыл бұрын

Fatal Now shake my hand!!!!

@dvrocker 3 жыл бұрын

Around 8 months back, Delhi residents were fighting severe pollution and smog.

@Dah_J 3 жыл бұрын

Yep “the universe”🤔

@polkadottedranger 3 жыл бұрын

Ditto for the Philippines. Five months back we had a volcanic eruption and it was fairly near Manila. Ashfall made everyone buy N95 masks.

@shashwatvashishth8367 4 жыл бұрын

2:57 Turn on the subtitles.

@shambosaha9727 4 жыл бұрын

A B U S E D C A T

@DendrocnideMoroides 4 жыл бұрын

Who wrote that?

@revanth5344 4 жыл бұрын

wtf man

@allu717 4 жыл бұрын

Wtf he didnt even say anything close to "abused"

@TrebleSketch 4 жыл бұрын

Allu71 it looks like it’s written, not auto-generated like how KZfaq sometimes does it.

@leroy44 4 ай бұрын

Thank you for the brilliant video. Straightforward and easy to understand.

@pookie7194 2 жыл бұрын

fascinating!! thanks for all the hardwork put into researching, writing, and animating this!

@prajwalchougule3946 3 жыл бұрын

Footnotes 00:15 technically "N95 respirator" 00:50 *some straining of the very largest particles DOES happen, but it's not the main filtration mechanism 2:07 on the relevant time scales, gravity doesn't have much effect 2:13 this is called "capture by inertial impaction" 2:28 this is called "capture by diffusion" 2:42 if they do happen to get stuck while following streamlines, it's called "capture by interception" 2:50 called "capture by electrostatic attraction" 4:08 the mask has to pass quality control and breathability tests, too

@pulkitmohta8964 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for taking the time to write this comment. Now I can die in peace

@plibither8 3 жыл бұрын

The hero we don't deserve

@gf4453 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks!!

@Brian-bi6ng 3 жыл бұрын

Careful, he's a hero.

@kutsen39 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you! The only thing I don't like about this channel is how brief those notes are. Leave em up for about 2 seconds so people have time to pause to read them if they want

@palleppalsson 3 жыл бұрын

I caught 95% of this video.

@maks_st 3 жыл бұрын

You comment has 95 likes as of 20:22 BST 21 June 2020

@systemBuilder 3 жыл бұрын

I interest in the subject is only medium but somehow I was still attracted to this video ...

@spidgly 3 жыл бұрын

Well, now you gotta catch em all

@eqilibrius 3 жыл бұрын

🤣

@plattyog 3 жыл бұрын

Ahhh 😆 🤣 got em

@ulloa8521 3 жыл бұрын

I think this is the best explanation of how the mask works, and the info about how to properly clean them for decontamination is the best bit of the video.

@anish_3.141 Жыл бұрын

That's incredibly awesome engineering!! And this video probably does the most perfect job of explaining it

@Th3.Kin9 4 жыл бұрын

The cat: what have you done Me: give you armor

@InXLsisDeo 3 жыл бұрын

1st law of the internetz: there is always a lolcat photo to illustrate your idea.

@NessaOfDorthonion 3 жыл бұрын

@@InXLsisDeo wish I had known this in high school, my presentations would have been more amusing

@Poth94 3 жыл бұрын

I will so do this to my best friend's cat xD

@pablomartinezazcona8450 4 жыл бұрын

I am currently studying ferroelectricity in my solid state physics class and I would have never imagined that it could be used in a mask. Really good video!

@WangleLine 4 жыл бұрын

Yeah! It's really awesome

@trnglm 6 ай бұрын

For EU: N95=FFP3, and KN95=FFP2

@hope4550 3 ай бұрын

This is so interesting! We watched it in my physics class

@jessstuart7495 3 жыл бұрын

I would like to know more about the process used to "electrotize" plastic fibers.

@crazedaze10 3 жыл бұрын

Typically a process called "corona charging" is used (no relation to coronavirus). As the nonwoven fabric is made, a static bar imparts a charge.

@stoppls1709 3 жыл бұрын

@@crazedaze10 coincidence lmao

@chupacabra9357 3 жыл бұрын

Yeah the video really should've explained one of its most important parts.

@timbergroeneveld1287 3 жыл бұрын

@@crazedaze10 Is that the same mechanism used in an ionizing air purifier? My air purifier has three needles on top of it making a cricket-like sound and in the user manual they're referred to as "corona needles".

@crazedaze10 3 жыл бұрын

@@timbergroeneveld1287 I am not super familiar with the air purifiers, but that sounds like the same idea. I will be curious to check these out more since the first article I read said they charge the air to cause the particles to attach to each other to weigh them down. I'm wondering if there are models that charge a filter and cycle air through to trap the particles. One issue with charging fabric or a filter as it is made is that the charge will eventually dissipate, so effectiveness is lost even if it is not in use and just in storage.

@mahbubmaleksyed5301 3 жыл бұрын

Everybody gangsta till the N101 mask exists

@ThunderBlastvideo 3 жыл бұрын

Said no one ever

@thatguyart7469 3 жыл бұрын

You're literally replying to someone that said it

@travis938 3 жыл бұрын

P100 is called lol 99.98% and they can reuse 100 times per filter

@shivam7156 3 жыл бұрын

error

@stanleyhudson6365 3 жыл бұрын

How bout the n95 with the respirator attached lmao

@robertschlesinger1342 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting and worthwhile video on N95 masks. Many people don't appreciate the modern technology involved with these masks. This video will help a great deal.

@allpinksakura 3 жыл бұрын

“This is why neutrally-charged styrofoam sticks to an abused cat-“ 2:57

@RobMacKendrick 3 жыл бұрын

Abuse magnetises its victim. That's why 50 years later my little brother still sets off the metal detector.

@sebfox2194 3 жыл бұрын

Abuse is not the main criterion for styrofoam to stick to a cat. Eg, if you punch a cat, then it is an abused cat, but this will not make styrofoam stick to it. So the statement that "neutrally charged styrofoam sticks to an abused cat" is not always true.

@allpinksakura 3 жыл бұрын

You guys, this was in the captions...

@sebfox2194 3 жыл бұрын

@@allpinksakura That's just my way of the ninja!

@VeganSpaceScientist 3 жыл бұрын

I definitely thought they were like a strainer before this, thanks!

@cgmislive 4 жыл бұрын

obviously the best way is to have 7 pairs of mask that u wear only once a week and have 6 days to decontaminate between usages

@roichir7699 4 жыл бұрын

Add one or two for spare, in case one is lost or damaged.

@lifeofphyraprun7601 4 жыл бұрын

Did you actually mean 7 pairs?Just asking.

@roichir7699 4 жыл бұрын

@@lifeofphyraprun7601 Maybe one for the intake and one for the exhaust.

@MisterRorschach90 4 жыл бұрын

Life of Phy,rap,run!!! Saying pair of masks is commonly used. Same as a pair of underwear, pair of pants, etc.

@jamesbond1231 4 жыл бұрын

Or - let your immune system do what it is designed to do, and like any other system in the body, strengthen it's ability to do what it does. Man all y'all are such sheeple.

@andremp03 2 жыл бұрын

In the past 2 years of this pandemic, this the first video that actually explains the N95 mask clearly. Not even the news channels did a good job

@dwerg1 2 жыл бұрын

You might be interested to know that HEPA filters works on the exact same principles.

@smyly_sy 2 жыл бұрын

0:07 what the fwck

@Pooofcomify 3 жыл бұрын

Pls footnotes for longer than 0.0001 seconds lol

@kayaeki 3 жыл бұрын

Amen

@viv2199 3 жыл бұрын

@janmamu8721 3 жыл бұрын

press , or . on a pc to go frame by frame

@jakefromstate5813 3 жыл бұрын

yall complaining about him going too fast in a minute physics video lmao

@adamkwalczyk 3 жыл бұрын

I wish they could explain why exponential growth had failed and how measures taken to fix the problem are actually what's more harmful than the virus itself.

@seinfan9 3 жыл бұрын

This isn't even fast.

@MrKoval-nm9ky 3 жыл бұрын

I watch this at 1.25x speed xD

@Sam-qf7hk 2 жыл бұрын

@@MrKoval-nm9ky rookie numbers. X2 here. Yeah…weird flex, I know.

@CallmeAlexey Жыл бұрын

did know electric fields, but categorizing three sizes, any then talking about the easy part, physical filtering and sticking tiiiny sized particles(also with brownian motion) was really easy to understand. thank you!

@LunaMapping_KR 2 жыл бұрын

Oh wow, I didn't expect this, thank you so much for educating me!

@ragnkja 4 жыл бұрын

The written comments at the bottom of the screen, such as the one at 0:51 are unreadable when watching the video with captions.

@MrFreakydeakydutch 4 жыл бұрын

Nillie I always watch KZfaq with the captions on and this annoys me about a lot of KZfaqr's videos. Minutephysics write their own captions rather than the auto generated ones, but sadly KZfaq doesn't allow for the option of choosing which place on the screen the caption appears. An option by KZfaq to move the captions to the top of the screen (for when there's comments) or even left or right (for when there's two people with dialogue) would be such an appreciated addition.

@enderyu 4 жыл бұрын

tip: type "c" to quickly toggle caption on/off

@mirabeta7215 4 жыл бұрын

Nillie just watch the video in full screen.

@Imthefake 4 жыл бұрын

also they come and go too fast

@siphyshu2690 4 жыл бұрын

just make it transparent. also, it works fine in my mobile. :p

@hachejotamg 3 жыл бұрын

Regarding the initial opening statement I believe a part of those differences might be correlated with vitamin d deficiencies of the overall black community. Their socioeconomic backgrounds and lifestyles might entail low to none sunlight exposition (plus their diet also lack proper vit d ingestion). This is fundamental considering the fact that people with darker skins have, in general, lower production rates from sunlight (compared to lighter skin colors) and thus actually need more exposition to balance this out. For what I understand Vit D is closely related in helping prevent respiratory deseases plus there's already some strong correlation with current covid deaths and sunlight exposition. I'm unaware about the general education in the US, but if you're black and/or have friends under this conditions suggest them taking some complements (no more than the daily recommended estimates). Plus this will definitely help them in the long run as some most probably they are already getting sick quite regularly due to this. Even if you're not black and you're lifestyle involves not being exposed to sunlight or while doing so you're mostly covered (or for example nursing homes), your diet isn't as good, do consider taking vitaming d complements. Of course with this I don't want to downplay any racial inequalities the US has with the black community, and any other minority! PS: Considering the influence and exposition your channel has you might want to do some research of this and cover this subject.

@RyanJones-lv9dj 3 жыл бұрын

Interesting take, would love to see sone research on this idea!

@jwsjacobs 3 жыл бұрын

Im no expert and not American, but I thought that bad health care for the black community also plays a role

@notasian7620 3 жыл бұрын

Nope covid 19 is racist and you are the problem BLM✊✊✊

@FlameSpark2013 3 жыл бұрын

@@notasian7620 Not helpful. This is a genuine discussion on the causation of a disproportionate death rate. Please leave if you don't have something to add.

@votalis4089 3 жыл бұрын

Looking at the data, it seems Black/Hispanic have higher rates of infection generally, with roughly the same trends between races across non-hospitalized/non-fatal/fatal cases. So it would seem the outcomes after infection are approximately equal (likelihood of an individual case proving fatal), but the infection rate (and therefore total case number) shows a clear disparity. This would indicate that quality of care is likely nearly equal between races or insignificant to determining outcome. Transmission within communities seems a likely culprit for infection rate disparity. I would venture a guess that higher population densities in Urban environments are at least a part of the equation.

@jhearne1222 3 жыл бұрын

Hey Minute Physics, i have a request. I know this video is a great explanation for the science behind the N95 masks but I keep seeing people arguing other masks don't help and was wondering if you could make a similar style video for other types of mask so I can just pop your link when people keep fighting masks. Thanks!

@dipakbomjan2404 3 жыл бұрын

I like your profile pic

@notperfectbutstillbeautifu2077 3 жыл бұрын

Hey, i hope this helps kzfaq.info/get/bejne/j5pnp5yiscmdeWg.html This acct just posted that video days ago. It's about the effectiveness of mask in droping the transmission.

@nafion112 3 жыл бұрын

Heh. I feel like someone arguing "other masks don't help, therefore I'm not wearing one" is kinda like saying "boots that aren't steel toed don't help against a jackhammer, therefore I'm going to jackhammer barefoot".

@rhuttrho88 3 жыл бұрын

@@nafion112 nah! Your logic is flawed! 99.7 survivability rate! Jackhammering your foot is a 100 percent loss of foot rate without steel toes! Do more research! Wear a mask if you want to, but don't force others!

@nafion112 3 жыл бұрын

@@rhuttrho88 1. It wasn't logic, it was an anecdote. 2. "99.7 survivability rate!" is a sentence fragment. 3. Jackhammering your foot without steel toed boots does not necessarily precipitate a 100% "loss of foot". 4. It doesn't take tons of in depth research to know that face masks diminish spread of contagions, just like it doesn't take tons of research to know that wearing a coat diminishes loss of body heat in the cold. 5. I'm not forcing you to do anything, be a dickhead all you want.

@zaneskirmish557 2 жыл бұрын

Dope video : very well presented ideas and very easy to follow . Thank you!

@Krasbin 3 жыл бұрын

Great video, except for one thing: footnote text is only present for a fraction of a second (4:08). I see this a lot with KZfaq videos. You, editing the video, will have seen and read it many times. But if I watch the video at normal speed, it is impossible to read. It's even difficult to pause the video at the right time.

@lildrawhub1025 3 жыл бұрын

Just slow down the speed of the video.

@HyperS13 3 жыл бұрын

Use the full-stop (period) and comma buttons to move the video frame by frame if you miss your pause. Comma goes backwards, full-stop goes forwards.

@hetsmiecht1029 3 жыл бұрын

@@HyperS13 on mobile, we don't have that luxury unfortunately...

@slicedtoad 3 жыл бұрын

The footnotes are just extra bits of information that stop people from saying "Actually it's [insert pedantic technicality]." They aren't necessary to understand or enjoy the video. Other channels use them as easter eggs.

@user-pb3nz5po3d 3 жыл бұрын

regardless of importance, many people will feel like they are missing something and will try to read it anyways

@scptime1188 4 жыл бұрын

I know you put disclaimers in the right hand corner in the intro but can you please site the sources in the description too?

@justinsommer8141 3 жыл бұрын

Did the second link work for you? I'd like to read the source on that, but the link is somehow invalid for me.

@dr.martinlroberts1908 3 жыл бұрын

@xenockz 3 жыл бұрын

@@justinsommer8141 Maybe it's because COVID-19 isn't racist and doesn't actually choose to kill more black people, because it can't.

@raydai3708 3 жыл бұрын

@@xenockz about 15% of the people infected by COVID-19 require hospitalization and would die without proper medical care; COVID-19 can't choose to kill people based on their race, but the doctors can choose not to give proper care to certain people based on race.

@doomguy2.0 3 жыл бұрын

@@raydai3708 what bullshit, doctors can't do that, they give ventilators to whoever needs it first

@teedeww5049 2 жыл бұрын

Best explanation ive gotten about n95 for now thanks so much :)

@ErMarvado201 2 жыл бұрын

Great explanation of the physics begin the N95, but what does that have to do with BLM and that opening quote?

@carlsagan2371 3 жыл бұрын

The N95 was one of the BEST matric style smart phones of the mid-2000s

@GRBtutorials 3 жыл бұрын

Wait a minute, electret? What does that remind me of...? Of course, electret microphones! They’re capacitative microphones, except that they don’t need an external power supply to charge the capacitor because they have a permanently charged foil.

@debroyprasenjit 3 жыл бұрын

Valuable insight into the N95 mask working.

@mrlucasftw42 2 жыл бұрын

The notes you have on some of the pics aren't shown nearly long enough. Really great vid! INformative.

@thomasking49 4 жыл бұрын

Well that was a lot of pausing

@user-bm9cv9vn2k 4 жыл бұрын

2:57 Because that's what Schrödinger do...

@potentiallyunaffiliated4285 4 жыл бұрын

Well, 50% of the time.

@willnzsurf 3 жыл бұрын

😹=😷

@Seabass-a 2 жыл бұрын

The mass death by covid is a result of the subordination of human life to corporate profit. Racialist politics has no explanation for the death occuring at a global scale. Working class people of all race, ethnicity, gender and nationality are dying on a mass scale. Stoping the pandemic and preventing future ones is not a question of identity but of political economy. Ending an economic system which values profit more than human life is the essential task.

@pgn42 2 жыл бұрын

In an ideal world we wouldn’t have to bring race into politics but we live on earth and different races are treated differently by the system nothing goes away when you ignore it, including covid

@GurbeyDemirturk 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you so much for the video. I would show this in my class.

@hedgehog1965uk 3 жыл бұрын

Here in the UK, we have FFP1/2/3 masks. I am using FFP2 masks, as this is what was recommended (FFP1 is mostly just useful for filtering dust and FFP3 are not easy to get hold of). I assume they work in a similar way to N95. This is very interesting info.

@StratKat1998 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the video, as a physics student I found it very interesting and definitely learnt something new! One thing: I can't help but not find the cause behind the usage of rapid subtexts, that are impossible to read. :) Keep up the good work!

@CuriousDoc 3 жыл бұрын

I did not know a lot of this even though I'm in the medical field. Awesome video!

@PixelPhobiac 3 жыл бұрын

You're doing humanity a great service by releasing this

@cooperaiken8148 2 жыл бұрын

Nope

@paddleduck5328 4 ай бұрын

True.

@JillianWestplate 3 жыл бұрын

Useful places to pause for footnotes (on mobile - pause, then click timestamp) 0:01 Intro card 0:15 "technically a respirator" 0:51 "some straining..." 2:08 "on the relevant...." 2:14 "this is called..." 2:43 "if they do happen..." 2:50 "called 'capture by....'" 2:57 image source 4:08 "the mask has to..." 4:39 data source 4:55 decon 1 4:56 decon 2 5:00 decon 3 5:05 decon 4 5:19 decon 5

@Swenthorian 3 жыл бұрын

Thank you!!

@shashwatsharma602 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks a lot🙏

@superposition2644 3 жыл бұрын

How generous, sacrificing some of your time to give it to others.

@dustyserenity 4 жыл бұрын

this is so great!!! using electricity *field in a mask? wow never knew n95 is that advance, thanks for sharing

@phrodite3882 4 жыл бұрын

*electric field, by inducing a charge dipole. Electricity need a conductor.

@sdft1138 4 жыл бұрын

@@phrodite3882 yup

@dustyserenity 4 жыл бұрын

@@phrodite3882 yess that's what i want to say, thank your for the correction

@phrodite3882 4 жыл бұрын

@@dustyserenity ur welcome :) Anyone can misshear something

@falapadieu 2 жыл бұрын

The caption at around 2:56 is different from Minute's voiceover by exactly one word, and it's perfect.

@tapaswinijena982 3 жыл бұрын

so well explained...thank you so much.

@Marco-vi7hj 4 жыл бұрын

Really good video but the small text that briefly appears is really distracting and frustrating to read, everytime I have to stop the video, go back around 5 seconds, stop the video when the text appears, read it and continue.

@TitusRex 3 жыл бұрын

The best way to decontaminate a N95 is to leave it in "quarantine" for a week. So if you have seven masks you can use one each day of the week, store it at the end of the day and reuse that same mask in the same day of the next week.

@NetAndyCz 3 жыл бұрын

Might kill the viruses, but the bacteria will thrive there.

@manashejmadi 3 жыл бұрын

There's already a shortage and limited supply of masks.

@anishmctavish8709 3 жыл бұрын

@@manashejmadi so this way you will only be using 7 masks for months.

@KatimaMulilo 3 жыл бұрын

What if you quarantine the mask outside in sunlight?

@systemBuilder 3 жыл бұрын

I do this by leaving masks in my car, in the sun, that cooks the viruses.

@Zenobeus 2 жыл бұрын

Neat, I had some idea, but not to such specificity, great video.

@lordoatmeal6158 Жыл бұрын

thanks for citing sources at the start!

@chaebeomsheen5875 4 жыл бұрын

Really informative! I have 2 questions after watching the video 1. Are the electret properties of N95 masks related to ferroelectricity? 2. Wouldn't attaching an additional medium filter to an N95 mask then make a supereffective mask? (Since N95s have difficulty filtering medium particles?)

@narutokunn 4 жыл бұрын

@thunderlightning4347 4 жыл бұрын

Thank fucking goodness there is a comment discussing the video and not a meme.

@lordzao1 4 жыл бұрын

I would think that maybe adding an aditionaly filter might caus eit too hard to breathe through? Don't quote me on this though

@John-uh1pb 4 жыл бұрын

Presumably there’s a trade-off between the number of layers & the breathability of the mask?

@billytrajkov2115 4 жыл бұрын

@@thunderlightning4347 cat go brrrrr

@3diaLim 3 жыл бұрын

Wow, this is so eye opening for me. Thank you for doing what you’re doing. Really thank you.

@elizaknight6980 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks for the lesson. I wish my school lessons are as interesting as this.

@xaytana 3 жыл бұрын

Now do a video on why _any_ mask is recommended over no mask, so it can be shared with the people that claim non-N95 masks do nothing. Please, I'm tired of explaining why any mask is better than no mask to my moronic family, your type of videos are simple enough for their smooth brains to understand.

@satoau1 3 жыл бұрын

perhaps your family is right? Meta-analysis indicated statistically significant superiority of N95 respirators over medical masks against laboratory-confirmed upper respiratory tract bacterial colonization (BRI) (RR = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.34-0.62) but not laboratory-confirmed influenza (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.36-1.99) or other viral infections." masks should work on paper, but in every single RCT of masks (including N95) they just don't stop viruses.

@alephkasai9384 3 жыл бұрын

@@satoau1 I mean, he said no mask over any mask

@aquaventus 3 жыл бұрын

@@satoau1 having a mask on is better than no mask at all, so their family is wrong

@Merlincat007 3 жыл бұрын

@@satoau1 For one thing, anything that stops or reduces your the droplets you breathe out is a huge help to everyone around you. Even just a handkerchief can help.

@satoau1 3 жыл бұрын

@@Merlincat007 you'd think, but it turns out no it's worse. most droplets go upwards past your nose which is worse than straight out, and the ones that do get stuck in the mask only get stuck there temporarily. they dry out and then the virus flies off anyway. there have been tons of CRTs testing this, and they always show no difference between mask and no mask, and also no difference between surgical mask or N95 mask. it only takes 100 virions to cause an infection, and we breathe out thousands of tiny breath droplets time, and each one of them contains over 1000 virions. it's no wonder every study shows they have no effect. how could they possibly stop you getting infected when it only takes 1/10 of one droplet?

@wolfboyft 4 жыл бұрын

Great video! But I feel like the footnotes are a bit too short this time around...

@wolfboyft 4 жыл бұрын

The caveat title slides too reeeeee

@EebstertheGreat 3 жыл бұрын

He seems to think that people normally watch his videos with their eyes glued to the screen and their finger hovering around the spacebar ready to pause in an instant in case text appears on the screen for like 4 frames.

@Fre3flyOfficial 3 жыл бұрын

I learned a lot of new things from this video! :) The N95 masks that I use the most are those made by Protect Life.

@johnnyb.6405 3 жыл бұрын

I agree! this video is very helpful and the masks from Protect Life are great!

@davidblaine1994 3 жыл бұрын

And where can I find Protect Life masks?

@ketoeatingforlife4577 3 жыл бұрын

@@davidblaine1994 from firstaidkitsurvival . com

@TheSmokekoke 2 жыл бұрын

Despite only making 13%...

@AverageAlien 2 жыл бұрын

Commit 50% of the

@TheScienceBiome 4 жыл бұрын

Wow, this was much cooler than I expected it to be! Big props.

@kurushan3201 4 жыл бұрын

How to explain perfectly clear and understandable for all, the uses of a mask, how it works and how to use it, in 6 minutes... Respect

@manouchk38 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting! I was wondering how could a N95 mask keep its filtering properties under high relative humidity? Does it keep its properties in this case? The electrostatic aspect of the mask is not very clear. If mask have a net electrostatic charge. Can't they be charged back? The problem of the cleaning process is linked to loss of electrostatic properties? I feel like I'dlike to know a bit more physics of N95 masks.

@robertschlesinger1342 3 жыл бұрын

Very interesting, informative, and worthwhile video.

@dangreen7709 4 жыл бұрын

Re your intro screen: correlation is not necessarily causation. The referenced JHU article offers hypotheses for the cause of higher health risks among lower income groups but does not offer data to validate these hypotheses. You make a strong statement based on hypothesis rather than established fact.

@StratosTitan 4 жыл бұрын

It's actually well documented that groups like black americans have higher mortality rates than say white americans, form all sorts of diseases. The difference is mainly attributed to lower incomes and lack of opportunity because of (historical or present) systemic racism. It is then not unscientific to assume a similar pattern would be present for COVID-19.

@kenjib88 4 жыл бұрын

more black americans are dying from covid because poorer areas tend to have worse air quality, increasing your risk of covid. Check out this video kzfaq.info/get/bejne/jqd2d5BhxrPPp3k.html

@dangreen7709 4 жыл бұрын

Phoe Nix I do not dispute the higher mortality rates, that data has been documented. It is the cause of those higher mortality rates that has not been verified with data. “Has been attributed to” is not the same as “has been demonstrated to be caused by” with citations to validated data. There may be a large number of underlying influences that contribute to the end result of higher mortality, disease, and impact of Covid. I do not presuppose the answer or deny the possibility that the hypotheses are correct. But until proven they remain hypotheses, not fact

@kenjib88 4 жыл бұрын

@@dangreen7709 "help! we're dying" "okay but can you prove it?"

@dangreen7709 4 жыл бұрын

Kenji Bomar that is a very good point. Others have observed that regions with high levels of air pollutants had more detrimental reactions to Covid than regions with lower air pollutant levels. www.bbc.com/future/article/20200427-how-air-pollution-exacerbates-covid-19. China, Italy New York City are examples. But air pollution may be only one factor

@ratajs 4 жыл бұрын

When I saw there is a Minute Physics video about N95, I thought N95 is a name of some star or something.

@alejotassile6441 4 жыл бұрын

Same

@RexinOridle 4 жыл бұрын

I thought of Nokia

@9PlatinumGamer9 4 жыл бұрын

The title specifies N95 MASK...

@NoahSem358 4 жыл бұрын

There is a galaxy called "M95", which is the 95th Messier object.

@theskankingpigeon965 3 жыл бұрын

Yes it was the one they were all fighting over in the Star War.

@an0bserver2000 2 жыл бұрын

Rightoids triggered over 5 seconds of text at the start of the video. Why am I not surprised lmao. Good video though, i was curious as to how these masks worked as they're looking to be more useful now. Though I would have maybe preferred if those footnotes were on screen for a bit longer, having to pause and go back kinda breaks the flow a little I feel. Cheers.

@an0bserver2000 2 жыл бұрын

@Tarbosaurus this video came out in june of last year, it was especially relevant then. Also misleading how? Do you just feel like its inaccurate or do you actually have data to back that up?

@SAHbiochemist 3 жыл бұрын

I'm confused about footnote #2 on intro card. That paper doesn't use the word "systemic" at all. In fact, it says, "It is certainly important to conduct the high-quality research necessary to understand the factors responsible for observed increases in racial inequalities..." then lists mistrust as one possible factor (due to the Tuskeegee experiments). Although Tuskeegee was an example of racist policy IMO, it is not claimed in this article that it is definitely a factor, let alone define it as systemic racism.

@joaotrigueiros5511 4 жыл бұрын

Question: for how long do the fibers keep “electrictized”?? How long can I keep a N95 at home before it becomes useless?

@NLTops 4 жыл бұрын

You having an N95 mask reduces the supply of healthcare workers in your country. In other words, if you have them you are selfish.

@sunl8363 4 жыл бұрын

@@NLTops What if he had it way before the covid crisis e.g. for home renovation, does that still make him selfish? Would be a wise move if you would stop assuming stuff about strangers on the internet. Edit: Forgot to answer the main question, usually these masks last 5 years, meaning they can't garantee a filtration ratio above 95% beyond 5 years after the production date. But there are exceptions, just like for food it should be printed somewhere on the mask

@janetf23 4 жыл бұрын

@@sunl8363 I feel electretized by this answer! Good on you SunL 👍

@skyking0356 4 жыл бұрын

NLTops wtf dude

@arisu23c 4 жыл бұрын

NLTops Either a bot or you’ve been watching too much propaganda new networks.

@omgawande4237 2 жыл бұрын

That was so awesome man!!,

@snowjae9380 3 жыл бұрын

I've been looking everywhere for this kind of explanation

@fa.h. 4 жыл бұрын

Do P3, or N99 masks work the same way just better, or does it have some additional features to do the 4% extra?

@vgamesx1 4 жыл бұрын

I have absolutely no idea, but my guess is that they're the same and works kinda like CPU binning or battery grading, where you find defects and simply sell it as a cheaper / lower grade product.

@VT-mw2zb 4 жыл бұрын

They are thicker, that's it. Or in the case of reusable respirator cartridges, they are "paper" HEPA filters.

@blahbleh5671 4 жыл бұрын

for N99 they use a very special additional material for the fibres, it's called 'your mums ass hairs'.

@Jonathan-ds7fx 3 жыл бұрын

No do this kzfaq.info/get/bejne/d7eUjLKntqjZhWQ.html

@kxllmxr18 2 жыл бұрын

KENDRICK LAMAR

@k_taaro 2 жыл бұрын

I like how the way the N95 mask is numbered means No mask is an N0 mask

@blackbear92201 2 жыл бұрын

Awesome video. thanks for posting! :D

@taktsing4969 3 жыл бұрын

Particle size of 0.1 to 1 micron is very hard to be filtered. N95 for medical staff is a bit different from regular one. It is resistant to blood splash.

@mratanusarkar 4 жыл бұрын

Finally Henry after soooo many days!! It's Physics Time!!!

@alexwilliams1548 2 жыл бұрын

Awesome video and great educational opening

@HansBaumeister 2 жыл бұрын

Too bad I didn’t see this earlier… very interesting and well done, thank you!

@kaitlinsundling9909 2 жыл бұрын

This is an excellent video - I am wondering if you would be willing to make a version that leaves off the information at the end about the shortage of N95s? There is no longer a shortage, and I am hoping to include a link to this video in a campaign raising awareness about better masks to protect against COVID-19.

@Sasha8pancakes 3 ай бұрын

Are you still alive after your 13th booster?

@user-cu1wv8ui4r 3 жыл бұрын

This channel has just gotten shockingly good.

@hiimapop7755 3 жыл бұрын

They've been extremely informative since the very start, but the animation became top-tier in the past year or so. There's a reason why this is one of my favorite channels.

@3ckitani 3 жыл бұрын

Heh, shocking. As in, electricly shocking...

@lthemeganerd3719 2 жыл бұрын

I find it fascinating how they have so many tricks! (I think the van der waals force is actually chemistry btw)

@Jerryfan271 2 жыл бұрын

van Der Waals was a physcist, but regardless, it is totally irrelevant whether a phenomenon belongs to physics or chemistry since the two fields have such a large overlap.

@reef103 Жыл бұрын

Outstanding video and clear description. Does anyone knows of a version in Spanish or with Spanish captions? thanks

@Spinnenwebbe 4 жыл бұрын

Cool video, thanks for that. How about a video, that explains the differences between FFP2 and FFP3 masks and regular surgery masks?

@sirelkir 4 жыл бұрын

It's exactly the same as the N95, except there are different progressive thresholds of the amount of particles captured, and they don't put them into their name

@chillysunny2324 4 жыл бұрын

FFP2 = N95 and FFP3 = N99. From what I understand, surgery masks are good for stopping cough particles, thus protecting others from you, but not great at stopping airborne virus/bacteria.

@kaizer4506 4 жыл бұрын

ChillySunny Yep surgical masks protect others, not you. There are also many gaps between mask and face, so you are inhaling an amount of unfiltered air. When you breathe out though, your breathe at least makes contact with the mask before escaping through it or around it. They’re used to protect patients from doctors and nurses, not vice versa

@whuzzzup 3 жыл бұрын

This is wrong. Stop spreading this bogus idea that a mask is to protect others, it's not. It has been shown that surgical masks protect on a level similar to N95 regarding influenza virus. And yes of course a surgical mask also protects yourself. Surgical masks also have those meltblown layers like N95.

@Unb3arablePain 4 жыл бұрын

You should do a video on the filtering efficiency of cotton and homemade mask for comparison.

@WangleLine 4 жыл бұрын

That'd be nice!

@austenhead5303 4 жыл бұрын

Without a proper seal around the face, the filtering properties of the material itself are kinda irrelevant. I just bought a supposed N95 mask today and the little metal shaper around the bridge of the nose won't hold its shape, which means no seal. I exhale, and all the hot air goes right up through the gaps on either side of my nose, and over my eyes. It's useless. I still have a few good N95 masks from before (3M, valved), but I'm trying to find some more, because these things have to replaced occasionally, and so far, no luck.

@galihprabasidi8498 3 жыл бұрын

@@austenhead5303 That lack of seal makes normal mask cumbersome for eyewear users, it causes condensation.

@hedgehog3180 3 жыл бұрын

I think the best that a homemade mask can do is stop some of the particles from sneezing and coughing. It wont however do much to protect yourself in most cases but you should probably listen to the recommendations of the health ministry where you live because they probably took all of this into account.

@tomdearie5165 3 жыл бұрын

Because of the shortage of N95s, rigorous lab tests have been done on different homemade mask designs. The data shows that well designed cloth masks can approach N95 effecitveness. (2 layers of tight cotton plus a layer of staticky material like dryfit poly or silk). It’s always better to have mask than no mask, but fit and design play a big role. Poor homemade masks can be as low as 10% effiective, while good ones can be 95 to 97%.

@charlychips 3 жыл бұрын

Excellent. Thank you very much.

@DraRed73 3 жыл бұрын

Thanks, I learnt something. One thing not covered much that I would of dug is the amount of restriction on the air passing through. It must be a big factor, as you alluded to in the follow up. Obviously we can easily make a mask 100% 'effective' by covering it in plastic but it would be filtering out 0% as no air would get through. That relationship between the amount of restriction vs the amount of filtering would be a big part of the challenge in making n95 masks I imagine.

@mindstalk Жыл бұрын

The big thing about the electrostatic charge is improving breathability, by allowing much bigger holes.

@annwitbrock9112 4 ай бұрын

Air is a lot smaller than a virus. We do just fine breathing in an N95 mask.

@GugureSux 2 жыл бұрын

I'd like to think that the first 10 seconds are a clever, sarcastic take on a certain other statistic that includes the same parties and involvement numbers.