PIIA is an institution of eminence promotinng peace. Elated to witness intervention of Dr. Masuma to nip provocations in the bud. Kudos

Not many people know that Sudan had the largest Communist/ Marxist party in the Arabic-speaking Moslem World. After that among Muslim Majority countries, the Peoples Republic of South Yemen, Indonesia under Sukarno, and the Marxist-Leninist Afghanistan were the three other countries which had formally organized Communist Political Movements with the blessings of the Soviet Union. The Communists were first promoted and later persecuted by the Sudanese Army. Later during the 1980s, we saw the resurgence of Islamic Political Movements in Sudan, with Hassan Al Turabi as its leader. Sudan has been crisscrossing many paths and never found a stable ground on which it could build a political system without army intervention. What mistake President Omar al Bashir made was that he created a parallel army a paramilitary organization which went out of his own control. Today that paramilitary force is up in arms against the national army, which has led to the civil war-like conditions we saw in Lebanon during the 1970s, of course, those had different dynamics. Economically, Sudan always appeared to have a bleak future due to corruption, nepotism, red tape and bureaucratic mismanagement after it got dismembered. It benefitted due to petrodollars when the country was one, which led to the development of a buoyant financial and banking sector in Khartoum. Once, it lost its oil in the southern territories and experienced great clashes within the Darfur region which led to bloodshed and human rights violations, which made Omar Al Bashir internationally notorious. The Chinese Investments came to Sudan a little late, but, the damage to the economy was already done by that time. Sudan is now apparently looking more like a war-torn nation such as Libya, which adds it to the list of Arabic-speaking nations which have gone downhill, since the Arab Spring began, a decade or so more before. May Allah have mercy on its people.