The Evolution of the Cerebral Cortex: How Primates Changed the Brain Game

Рет қаралды 17,149

Күн бұрын

Transforming the Brain Game: Unraveling the Evolution of the Cerebral Cortex in Primates.
Explore the fascinating evolution of the cerebral cortex, the most sophisticated brain region, which is crucial for complex cognition and perception.
In this video, you'll learn how the cortex evolved from a simple network of nerves in giant worms to the highly specialized and intricately wired cortex of haplorrhines, the primate group that includes humans. Discover the selection pressures that drove the lateral expansion of the cortex and the exponential growth of white matter connections. Plus, learn how the cerebellum, the brain structure involved in motor movement and balance, contributed to the expansion of the cortex. Don't miss this in-depth exploration of the fascinating evolution of the brain! Subscribe now and join me for the next video in this series, which will explain the uniqueness of the human brain.
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Chapters:
00:00 The Cerebral Cortex (the basics)
02:47 Brain Evolution Basics
04:56 Evolution of the Cortex
10:21 Summary
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Sources:
- Hofman, M. A. (2019). On the nature and evolution of the human mind. Progress in brain research, 250, 251-283. On the nature and evolution of the human mind 2019.pdf
- Loonen, A. J., & Ivanova, S. A. (2016). Circuits regulating pleasure and happiness: the evolution of the amygdalar-hippocampal-habenular connectivity in vertebrates. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10, 539. (PDF) Circuits Regulating Pleasure and Happiness: The Evolution of the Amygdalar-Hippocampal-Habenular Connectivity in Vertebrates
- DeCasien, A. R., Barton, R. A., & Higham, J. P. (2022). Understanding the human brain: insights from comparative biology. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. www.sciencedirect.com/science...
- Miller, I. F., Barton, R. A., & Nunn, C. L. (2019). Quantitative uniqueness of human brain evolution revealed through phylogenetic comparative analysis. Elife, 8, e41250.
- Springer, M. S., Meredith, R. W., Gatesy, J., Emerling, C. A., Park, J., Rabosky, D. L., ... & Murphy, W. J. (2012). Macroevolutionary dynamics and historical biogeography of primate diversification inferred from a species supermatrix. PLoS One, 7(11), e49521.
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Wikipedia images: All wikipedia images have been credited in the video and all are licensed under either CC BY 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/...) or CC BY 4.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
All graphics and images obtained from scientific articles have been credited in the video and/or in the above list of references. All are licensed under either CC BY 3.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/...) or CC BY 4.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
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All other images are property of Andrew Cooper-Sansone
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Пікірлер: 73

@prototropo Жыл бұрын

Absolutely love the sequential logic of the brain's evolution (both in the narration and in neuro-evolution itself!). But at 04:52 there is a chronologic stumble. We mammals did not evolve from reptiles; both reptiles, or the sauropsid line, and mammals, the synapsid line, split from each other shortly after sharing cohabitation as amniotes. The amnion was the great advance from amphibians, who were water-obligate and lay only wet eggs, to creatures who could lay dry eggs, their embryo protected inside by an amniotic membrane. The amniotes then diverged into sauropsida and synapsida, which became in the former instance the reptilian branches of amniotes--turtles, lizards, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds, and in the latter case the synapsid descendants--monotremes, marsupials and placentals; all the mammals.

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thank you for correcting my mistake! I didn't know that until looking it up based on your comment--will not make that mistake again!

@prototropo Жыл бұрын

@@senseofmindshow It's an honor to contribute a small thing to a channel that presents such quality, scholarly material!

@Mind-Skills-by-Leif 6 ай бұрын

@@senseofmindshow it's a sign of personal integrity and confidence to simply say "Thank you for correcting my mistake" Well done

@robinredbeard 10 күн бұрын

I just LOVE a well organized and clear presentation of information. Thank you!

@trudyandgeorge 2 ай бұрын

For any nerdy onlookers at 7:51, you can calculate the number in the right column by taking the number next to it, then multiply it by one less, then cut that in half. To be explicit, it's (n)×(n-1)÷2. Commonly called the handshake theorem, it was used to prove how many total handshakes could happen between n people. And the logic is fun to think through. Focussing on a single individual for a moment, they would shake hands with n-1 people, the minus one is because they don't shake hands with themselves. Now we apply this to everyone (all n of them). Thats (n)(n-1). Now we need to divide by two because we've double counted. If the single individual we focussed on a moment ago was me, and you were one of the other n-1 people, then we counted me shaking your hand, and your shaking my hand. We've doubled up so must slash the total in half.

@katherandefy 28 күн бұрын

This is such a great channel. Subbed.

@macmackay2179 15 сағат бұрын

songbirds don't have folding in their cortex but are still very smart, people think because there is a super high density of neurons to make up for the fact there's no folding.

@prschuster 2 ай бұрын

Direct and concise explanation in 12 minutes.

@richardchin1545 Жыл бұрын

Fantastic content beautifully presented. Thank you.

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Very much appreciated!

@ParvathyShaji-yo3wc Жыл бұрын

I love how you present!!

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thank you so much!

@stevoplex Жыл бұрын

I appreciate your highly wrinkled brain.

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

And I yours.

@Arcaerus Жыл бұрын

Your channel is great I bet that it will be pretty big one day!

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thanks for the confidence!

@beccareath Жыл бұрын

This is so fascinating!

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thank you!

@pepepepito4132 Жыл бұрын

Thank you! Your vids are awesome!!!

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thank you and thanks for watching!

@vivianmiranda397 9 ай бұрын

Thanks!

@senseofmindshow 9 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for your contribution!

@nawafpsy Жыл бұрын

Very enthusiast!

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Thank you for checking it out! Doing the research for this video was fascinating.

@PauloRLustosa Жыл бұрын

Muito obrigado. Eu tenho que assistir umas três vezes para entender tudo em inglês. Parabéns pela importante divulgação científica.

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Muito obrigado pelo seu comentário! Fico feliz que esteja aproveitando o conteúdo. Peço desculpas por qualquer erro na minha resposta, pois não sou um falante nativo de português e estou usando um aplicativo de tradução. No futuro, gostaria de fazer vídeos em vários idiomas, incluindo português. Continue assistindo e aprendendo!

@shinypeter7 2 ай бұрын

As usual in brain development the transition from reptile to mammal is glossed over.

@brunobucciaratiswife Ай бұрын

Wdym? Just bc he didn’t talk about it doesn’t mean it didn’t happen. We didn’t just grow from lizards…

@stefanostokatlidis4861 Ай бұрын

Because mammals share a common ancestor with reptiles and they never were reptiles.

@MacWiedijk 6 ай бұрын

I see the cerebellum as a 3D representation of our environment. Diffusely connected to everything we experience. The growth in enormous numbers of synapses in the cerebellum are connected one to one with the growth of the cerebral cortex where the data is stored. In the cerebellum we do the originally spatial manipulations of the body in an environment, then manipulation of tools and finally, after the emergence of self-consciousness, the manipulation of fantasies and ideas. Thinking in symbols developed thinking in words, manipulated as if it were a path through the cerebellum.

@devilsolution9781 Ай бұрын

There had to be some natural cue in evolution that allowed our voicebox to evolve. Bit of a chicken and egg situation with words, ideas and language. How can you have one without the other and what would cause it to evolve as it did. Interesting thoughts.

@MacWiedijk Ай бұрын

@@devilsolution9781 I feel like the order is; First an adjustment in the attention system that makes thinking in symbols and then metaphors possible. Then an adjustment in the vocal cords in response to the need to convey the metaphors. Then the enlargement of the cerebrum to be able to store the resulting amount of data. This in combination with the enormous cultural development through the use of language. The Neanderthals, I think, built stone tools the way a bird builds a nest, through most gene expression and some learning. Modern man makes what he wants through reflection and deliberation.

@jeremyatkinson4633 2 ай бұрын

Bedankt

@senseofmindshow 2 ай бұрын

Thank you so much for your support.

@classic_sci_fi 2 ай бұрын

Very interesting in light of developing neuromorphic AI architectures.

@user-io1nb1wl1u Ай бұрын

You are just describing the differences and functions of the brain in different species. It is like you going to international space station and describing the functions of each section and comparing to may be an aircraft, helicopter etc. BUT, what you need to do is to tell, what was the evolutionary process of getting there- the detailed mechanics, the neuropeptides, the complex pathways, the new genes in humans, the physiological control etc based on random mutations/ natural selection.

@devilsolution9781 Ай бұрын

Is that even known?

@shemsimatador7233 27 күн бұрын

Is hippothalamus same with hippocampus.

@derrickpatten7252 Ай бұрын

The amphibians gave rise to the amniotes, which then split off into two groups; the synapsids and the diapsids. The diapsids would go on to become the reptiles we know today, but I think the synapsids had already split off before that happened. Therefore, the ancestors of today's mammals were never reptiles (though the earliest synapsids would have had a lot in common with the early diapsids, and would have appeared reptile-like in their morphology).

@sezan7589 8 ай бұрын

5:18

@pratikvijayasharadsadaphul6939 Жыл бұрын

❤

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

🙏

@ullisses 6 ай бұрын

Nice video, but please get rid of the music, it is extremely annoying. Rgds

@iq-ride9329 Жыл бұрын

And all of that happened accidently?

@senseofmindshow Жыл бұрын

Not accidentally, but by non-random selection of naturally occurring genetic variation over hundreds of millions of years.

@iq-ride9329 Жыл бұрын

@@senseofmindshow And ?

@fantasticweb6384 Жыл бұрын

@@senseofmindshow yes u made me reminded my uncle, who tried to paint a very beautiful painting like Da Vinci's painting, and he poured colors on it randomly for a billion years, and he finally succeeded in painting it 😮

@sharif1306 Жыл бұрын

@@iq-ride9329 The basic building blocks have existed for hundreds of millions of years but in humans its the way that they are put together and energy constraints being lifted for cortical expansion via cooking of nutrient dense foods. This big brain is a curse. I wish I were a lower life form and not lost in my mind all the time.

@trudyandgeorge 2 ай бұрын

@@iq-ride9329 if you don't learn about evolution by natural selection before you die, you would have done yourself the deepest disservice possible. Evolution is the single, most powerful concept to shed light on how you came to be. It is the answer to a question every one of your ancestors likely had, and you are in a position to find out. It is an amazing thing to know, and all it takes is a trip to the library.

@tugger Жыл бұрын

when you a lesbo tryin to study evolutionary neurobio and the damn acorn worm comes up again 😑

@justnoted2995 2 ай бұрын

You are gravely mistaken about the 'evolution of the brain.' The brain has made steady and fundamental adaptions over thousands of years. Your view is an accumulation of myths that unfortunately have become everyday go-to explanations for the gullible