The Gravitational Wave Background

The Gravitational Wave Background - Sixty Symbols

Рет қаралды 95,674

5 ай бұрын

Oliver Gould & Swagat Mishra discuss groundbreaking findings in the field of gravitational waves. More links and info below ↓ ↓ ↓
The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) Collaboration: nanograv.org
Oliver Gould and Swagat Mishar are physicists at the University of Nottingham. More about the School of Physics and Astronomy at: bit.ly/NottsPhysics
More Sixty Symbols videos:
Black Hole Mergers and Multi-Messenger Astronomy - • Black Hole Mergers and...
Primordial Black Holes - • Primordial Black Holes...
Primordial Gravitational Waves - • Primordial Gravitation...
Golden Cubes and Gravitational Waves - • Golden Cubes and Gravi...
Gravitational Waves Discovery - • Gravitational Waves Di...
LHC Videos - • Large Hadron Collider ...
Some relevant papers:
The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Signals from New Physics - ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/202...
The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background - ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/202...
The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Observations and Timing of 68 Millisecond Pulsars - ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/202...
The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Constraints on Supermassive Black Hole Binaries from the Gravitational-wave Background -
ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/202...
Chinese PTA - inspirehep.net/literature/267...
Parkes PTA (Australia) - inspirehep.net/literature/267...
European PTA and Indian PTA - inspirehep.net/literature/267...
Dr. Oliver Gould - www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/...
Swagat S Mishra - www.nottingham.ac.uk/physics/... and swagatam18.wordpress.com/
Sixty Symbols Patreon: / sixtysymbols
This project features scientists from The University of Nottingham
bit.ly/NottsPhysics
Video by Brady Haran and James Hennessy
www.bradyharanblog.com
Email list: eepurl.com/YdjL9

Пікірлер: 225

@mrtienphysics666 5 ай бұрын

This type of channels are what made KZfaq still relevant.

@nannan3347 5 ай бұрын

I’m sure they’ll find some reason to ban this channel eventually.

@casanova0102 5 ай бұрын

Your comment is negative and useless. Be happy

@ElonHusky 5 ай бұрын

@@nannan3347 I am a software engineer, I am thinking about making a website only for science video creators

@imadetheuniverse4fun 5 ай бұрын

Swagat Mishra's explanation was extremely clear! more of him please!

@scottrobinson4611 5 ай бұрын

Swagat is a G

@as-qh1qq 5 ай бұрын

Observation of a wave that has a wavelength in lightyears blows my mind

@nicksamek12 5 ай бұрын

A very clear explanation for why gravitational waves can affect the pulsar timing but not rip us apart!

@allenyordy6700 5 ай бұрын

Thank you Brady and team appreciate the video I’ve been waiting for something thanks again for all of your hard work

@yearswriter 5 ай бұрын

As always, really great stuff.

@underpowerjet 5 ай бұрын

Always blows my mind how amazing and creative we can be in finding ways to detect and measure these objects that are so far away from Earth. I am so excited for the future astronomy! Keep up the great work everyone!

@biaroca 5 ай бұрын

As much as I love the veteran professors of the channel, I also like seeing new faces too!

@debabratapramanik3719 5 ай бұрын

Swagat Bhai. Brilliantly explained :)

@shikhanshu 5 ай бұрын

Loved the confident and crystal clear explanations from Swagat. Need more folks like him here! In my mind, understanding why and how universe exists is THE most important goal of humankind. Evolution's sole objective is to give rise to creatures that can ask these questions and solve the ultimate mystery. I have the deepest respect for astrophysicists (both theoretical and experimental) who are carrying on this lofty goal.

@B2theENJAMIN 5 ай бұрын

i left a comment on a video years ago, asking for a video prof. copeland talking about how this could fit his research. seems like my request is more relevant than ever!

@-Kerstin 5 ай бұрын

Great video but the text overlay was mostly in the way in my opinion.

@DavidBeddard 5 ай бұрын

The idea to use pulsars like this was absolutely brilliant. I'm very excited for the developments in this field. The thought of probing back so close to the very beginning of everything as we know it... awesome! Truly awesome! Love it!

@solanofelicio 5 ай бұрын

Great video as always. I'm starting my PhD next year on this topic. Hopefully we'll get better data from PTAs and LISA!

@judgeminty7070 5 ай бұрын

I love these videos so much. I plan on making a shift into the physics field in the near future and have even the simplest understanding of these concepts before hand gives me a little more confidence making that move. The derivations keep making more and more sense 😁

@dziban303 5 ай бұрын

I was really devastated to hear about Professor Merrifield

@Kwauhn. 5 ай бұрын

I think that last quote "it's the first time we've had [an]... experimental kit that's so much bigger than the Earth" that drives home the excitement surrounding these new discoveries. Not only is this new science, but recent revelations and advancements in technology and analytic techniques are allowing us to take a second glance at what's before us so that we can gleam more than ever before. Growing up, for me, the COBE CMB was the deepest and most detailed view into the history of the universe. I'm not that old, and look at where we are now... It's amazing to think about what further discoveries the future may hold.

@anilkandel1234 5 ай бұрын

Happy to see you here on this channel, Swagat Mishra. Your explanations are always fantastic.

@stoatystoat174 5 ай бұрын

Great explanations. I always treasure this channel as one of the places to find out something interesting or find the interesting truth behind enthusiastic news science daftness :)

@eMbry00s 5 ай бұрын

damn Swagat doesn't stumble, I didn't expect to have such an easy time following this topic. Kudos!

@guyh3403 5 ай бұрын

This was soooo interesting! Thank you. The big letters? Nehh, not so much ;)

@rohitchaoji 2 ай бұрын

I remember Swagat as a research fellow in IUCAA when I was just finishing my bachelors degree and fishing for opportunities to do projects under the faculty there. Didn't expect to see him on Sixty Symbols.

@AkshayaMishra-dx1ty 5 ай бұрын

Really great talks.

@PeterGaunt 5 ай бұрын

Fascinating, Brady. Good to see you back. Where have you been? Other projects or taking a rest?

@dan110024 5 ай бұрын

Absolutely love this content! Although really not digging the big text coming up over the screen. It's just distracting :)

@adizmal 5 ай бұрын

Fantastic video, as always.

@jonathansteiner9125 5 ай бұрын

I'm actually working on the interpretation of this :).this video just made my day

@DwainDwight 2 ай бұрын

best channel on yt

@DwainDwight 2 ай бұрын

super interesting. well done all. keep it up.

@bjornmu 5 ай бұрын

I read some numbers somewhere from which I tried to find out how much the distance to these pulsars actually changed as a consequence of the gravitational waves. And I came up with a number of around 10 meters! 😮Were my calculations correct?

@MrLewooz 5 ай бұрын

well explained Swagat! thanks!

@marvelous1358 5 ай бұрын

This helped me understand the Cosmic Microwave background properly. Thank you

@Ojisan642 4 ай бұрын

Mr. Mishra is an excellent explainer!

@farabor7382 2 ай бұрын

Excellent video, loved the speakers!

@banish1085 5 ай бұрын

Swagat Mishra rocks 🤟🏻... As usual ❤ to the Sixty Symbols team from 🇮🇳🪷

@user-hj1mu1sz3q 5 ай бұрын

Great talks indeed

@luqras 5 ай бұрын

Does the gravitational waves gets stretched with the expantion of the universe?

@iLLadelph267 5 ай бұрын

this is so awesome! as soon as LIGO made the initial gravitational wave discovery i thought there had to be a background but never thought it could be detectable in my lifetime! everything with mass exerts gravitational waves bc, well its matter moving thru spacetime. but gosh we needed some MASSIVE objects to see those waves, neutron star mergers. never would i have thought we could come up with a way to see as much as a gravitational wave background!

@IIRemy 5 ай бұрын

my favorite Brady Haran channel

@arnauarnauarnau 5 ай бұрын

Fascinating

@ThunderChickenBucket 5 ай бұрын

Incredible!

@arslongavitabrebis 5 ай бұрын

Does gravitational waves have a negative gravitational effect in the lower part the wave? Waves can be reflected and refracted, does gravitational waves can as reflected, refracted or damped? Which is the smallest peace of mater than can create gravitational waves?

@101Mant 5 ай бұрын

I believe theoretically all moving mass creates gravitational waves, it's just that you need a lot of mass for something you can measure, particularly at astronomical distances.

@PetraKann 5 ай бұрын

Creative way of detecting large light-year scale wavelengths of gravitational waves. Could it be a remnant of the big bang itself like the CBR?

@JosBergervoet 5 ай бұрын

Is there an audio rendition of the background anywhere? Speeding up the 15 years to, say, 15 seconds would fit it right into the audible spectrum, I'd expect... (There were audio clips from the first black hole mergers, they did not need much speed-up.)

@priyabratadash381 5 ай бұрын

Great to see Swagat Saurabh Mishra...he is from my home state Odisha.

@StarryNightGazing 5 ай бұрын

Thank you, this is great stuff for my upcoming GWs exam!

@declanclarke6929 5 ай бұрын

This is a great video. Real physics news.

@chillphil967 5 ай бұрын

i like the new guys 👍 keep ‘the videos coming! 😇

@ccaudi 5 ай бұрын

Considering the age of the Universe, I'd expect a plethora of waves traveling through space passing through each other. As with other wave types, do gravitational waves interfere with one another?

@drdca8263 5 ай бұрын

I suppose they must? How else would waves in the same value at the same place be? I suppose maybe you mean specifically, “do they destructively interfere in a persistent way at some location”, And... I think, in principle that could happen, but I think you would need two wave sources to have close to the same frequency? Which, seeing as the frequency of these waves changes as the two bodies orbit closer and closer, it seems like that would require quite a bit of a coincidence? But, I don’t know much about gravitational waves, and I could easily be wrong. Probably someone has written somewhere a nice derivation+explanation for “here’s how to approximate how gravitational waves travel by starting with a flat spacetime and linearizing some stuff” that should be approachable to people who aren’t experienced with GR, but I haven’t read one if there is such a thing, so my understanding is less than that of someone who has.

@tomkerruish2982 5 ай бұрын

They can even attract each other and 'stick' together. Check out the entry on 'geon' (physics)' in Wikipedia.

@GabrielACGama 5 ай бұрын

Yes, they interfere. I think that is why it took 15 years of data to model the gravitational wave background. There must be a lot of noise of multiple gravitational waves!

@S.... 5 ай бұрын

It's about how big those are here.

@CheckmateSurvivor 5 ай бұрын

The Earth is Flat. Please follow me for more conspiracy facts.

@user-hj1mu1sz3q 5 ай бұрын

Congrats

@Rivulets048 5 ай бұрын

Glad grady isnt afraid of calling out the community when he said "this fits my idea" . This could challenge alot of convetional thought. Hopefull we dont let our hubris lead us to dead ends

@andybeans5790 5 ай бұрын

I like Mishra's voice, really pleasant accent and cadence

@aidenbrazil7312 5 ай бұрын

Are gravitational waves susceptible to red shifting like electromagnetic waves?

@ballparkjebusite 5 ай бұрын

Isn’t the explanation for why they can detect the gravitational waves and not feel them 8:16 more to do with the scale? The wavelength is enormous relative to us. That’s why they used the pulsar array in the first place. I’m not sure it has anything to do with the the relative strengths of the gravitational “force” and electromagnetic force.

@jonasdaverio9369 5 ай бұрын

I thought the same but I'm not sure

@iamsandrewsmith 5 ай бұрын

Two great explainers of a complicated subject! One more explanation, if possible -- the use of the word "holodeck" in that paper. I mean, I'm sure many astrophysicists are Star Trek fans...

@amirpatel1934 5 ай бұрын

Great interview! what I am curious to know is, do gravitational waves imprint information about what they pass through into the waves? and how do gravitational waves formed in black hole-black hole mergers leave the event horizon especially if gravitational waves also move at the speed of light?

@danieljensen2626 5 ай бұрын

1. Yes, I believe gravitational waves passing through a bunch of mass should be affected, somewhat like electromagnetic waves passing by an antenna. But it will probably be a while before we can characterize the signals well enough to look for stuff like that. And fortunately for this work the universe is almost entirely empty so the amount of mass these waves have passed through on the way to us is almost zero. 2. The gravitational waves don't come from inside the event horizon, as you guess that would be impossible. I'm not 100% sure but I think you could frame it as the gravitational waves being produced just outside the event horizon (where they can escape) as a result of the event horizon itself moving around.

@amirpatel1934 5 ай бұрын

@@danieljensen2626 thanks for feedback mate. Just a quick response to number 2: a few years ago there were two black holes that merged but the final mass of the black hole didn't equal the two individual black holes before merger, the black holes lost several solar masses of mass in the form of gravitational waves. The mass of the black hole is centred within the event horizon no? So somehow that mass turned into GW which then escaped the event horizon. That or I've got this completely wrong.

@bradley3549 5 ай бұрын

Seems to me that gravitational waves don't have to escape anything. They are ripples in the medium.

@DrPreetiSahu 5 ай бұрын

amazing bhaina :)

@renedekker9806 5 ай бұрын

OK...want to know so much more. Was it a single wave that passed through, if so what was its size? Is it a continuous wave, if so, does it have a steady frequency, and what is it? Is it a standing wave, or a moving wave? How do we know it is not a vibration of the Earth itself, affecting our clocks?

@Ebutuoymaii 3 ай бұрын

What about the ray emissions from Antarctica?

@thedeadman8361 5 ай бұрын

Nice to see some new Scientists on the channel!

@emarsk77 5 ай бұрын

I love Swagat Mishra's hand gesturing.

@whatarewedoing0 5 ай бұрын

how strong is the signal compared to the ones we detected before with the merging black holes?

@garethdean6382 5 ай бұрын

In what way?Statistically it's weaker than LIGO's detections, energy-of-the-waves-wise it's billions of times greater, in terms of energy density of the waves much less and the pulsar signals are pretty weak in comparison. There's a lot of different strengths involved.

@whatarewedoing0 5 ай бұрын

how much did it distort space time compared to the other signal but word i got you lol@@garethdean6382

@GeoffryGifari 4 ай бұрын

Particle physics started with cosmic ray experiments and now circle back to looking out to the cosmos

@shaunswett6684 5 ай бұрын

This is so exciting. Thanks for the great explanation. Gravitational lensing, and now this, neutron star timing as a kind of telescope. Think about what that means. Humans are actually using galactic resources for our advancement. Does that make us kind of an honorary Kardashev type 3 civilization?

@dl5244 5 ай бұрын

what can't pulsars have more than 2 jets and more than one rotational axis?

@fussyboy2000 5 ай бұрын

The error bars on astrophysics graphs are always enormous!

@tomkerruish2982 5 ай бұрын

The joke decades ago was that cosmologists put their error bars in the exponents.

@justinofearth 5 ай бұрын

maybe because the things they are measuring are enormous, and at enormous distances away/traveling enormous distances to get here

@fussyboy2000 5 ай бұрын

@@justinofearth There's a joke about how astrophysicists take π = 1 because they just work in orders of 10.

@CarBENbased 5 ай бұрын

Gravitational waves world be affected by the expansion of the universe correct? So is it possible that the background is just the result of early stellar mass mergers that have been stretched out?

@garethdean6382 5 ай бұрын

No, because that also lowers their amplitude, their energy,to the point we'd not be able to detect them. However waves produced in the early universe *would* b stretched, but also have an amplitude big enough to still be detectable now, when their wavelength has been increased a thousandfold.

@anrade86 5 ай бұрын

what I dont get is, how can we measure something that stretches the space-time fabric if our measuring insturments themselves are embedded in this fabric? It's like measuring an elastic piece of cloth with an elastic measuring tape

@garethdean6382 5 ай бұрын

Because our instruments don't work the way you think. Imagine two objects in space, unconnected. When space compresses the two objects move closer together. Imagine a ruler across this space. You might think that the ruler will behave the same way, it will compress and measure no change. But this is wrong, the ruler's internal forces don't like compression, and resist it, the ruler tries to expand to its 'natural length', unlike the separated objects. The ruler *will* measure a change in distance. We see this with tides; the moon's gravity is stronger on on side of the Earth, space is more curved there. But the Earth doesn't 'curve with the space' so we don't notice anything, instead we get tides, warping of the Earth that can be used to measure the gravity gradient.

@leonardofontenelle3560 5 ай бұрын

IIRC it's not so much the pulsars which distortion was measured, but the distance between them

@Zeuskabob1 5 ай бұрын

Just a minor nitpick: SIGW-DELTA, GAUSS, and BOX are three different models for SIGW, so I'd have preferred if they all three got arrows.

@adaml2987 5 ай бұрын

love the blinds in the backround.

@TacticusPrime 5 ай бұрын

What an exciting discovery! Imagine if we're seeing the creation of the first protons... or actual evidence for superstrings... damn...

@DiCasaFilm 5 ай бұрын

Okay are we just gonna pass right by "holodeck" at 7:14? Haha. Anyone care to explain that?

@muzikhed 5 ай бұрын

Brilliant. Good to see young minds getting in on the scene.....What are Quarks made of ?? Ha ha ! Perfect.

@brianmiller1077 5 ай бұрын

Light year scale wavelengths? I can't really put it into perspective.

@Doeff8 5 ай бұрын

One has to appreciate the extreme IQ one needs to tackle topics like this. Wonderful science, uncovering our the why of our existence.

@arhythmic1 5 ай бұрын

The large text is distracting. Great video otherwise!

@Jon-cw8bb 5 ай бұрын

The text on the screen was really annoying.

@ExiledGypsy 5 ай бұрын

CCC as proposed by Penrose,surley.

@444ranger444 5 ай бұрын

this guy is the best explainer that I've seen in this channel the past 10years,keep him!!!

@MarshallPust 5 ай бұрын

Yay new 60 symbols 🎉

@TomLeg 5 ай бұрын

Gravity waves pass through pulsars ... will they pass through a black hole?

@joshlewis575 5 ай бұрын

What if the background they're mentioning is the suction from the black hole our universe resides in? Like a balloon being blown up

@randomfarmer 4 ай бұрын

I hate to say it, but how are gravitational waves all that different from ordinary waves of photons given off by, say planets ('noise' i.e.)?

@crawkn 5 ай бұрын

The theorist vs experimentalist dichotomy is false, they aren't in competition. Theorists inform experimentalists regarding what data may be needed, and experimentalists inform theorists as to the fit of their theories to reality. It is teamwork. In a sense, a theorist doesn't even become a theorist until their conjectures or hypotheses are fit to experimental data, and experimental data is just scenery prior to being fit to a theory.

@parzh 5 ай бұрын

4:40 Or Fahrenheit, for that matter :)

@kryvor 5 ай бұрын

The giant white text is so distracting. If you really want a “callout”, could you create an elegant “quote bubble” on the side? It would look less cheap and be less distracting.

@schitlipz 5 ай бұрын

I'm excited even though I don't know what it's about on a deeper level. Weird.

@garethdean6382 5 ай бұрын

Essentially w have a list of pulsar signals and how they relate to each other. So, Pulsar #1's data started at second 4 and repeats every 100Ms, while Pulsar #2 started at second 5 and repeats every 150Ms. If nothing changes, then we know when the two signals will appear relative to each other, Pulsar #1 at 4.0,4.1, 4.2.. Pulsar#2 at 5.15, 5.3, 5.45... BUT if something affects Pulsar #1 and NOT Pulsar #2, then its signal might b delayed,say by 25Ms. Then all of a sudden #1's pattern goes something like 4.8, 4.9, 5.025, 5.125... We notice a change and importantly, we notice #2 DIDN'T change, so it can't be something that happened to US, that *would* affect *all* the pulsars. By looking at how only *some* signals change w can detect the influence of gravitational waves.

@OmnipotentO 5 ай бұрын

reality is wobbly !!

@oromis1221 5 ай бұрын

How can we time millisecond pulsars? Wouldn’t we have to sample the light from the pulsar at at least double its frequency to determine how quickly it’s “pulsing”? Just to film anything on Earth at millisecond frame rates you need tons of light to capture something right in front of you…

@DavidOfWhitehills 5 ай бұрын

They are detectable in frequencies ranging from radio to gamma. So, there's no shortage of Hz to get an accurate timing.

@goawayyoutubeplz 5 ай бұрын

These pulse at radio frequencies, and electronic processing of relatively weak radio signals is mature technology.

@scottrobinson4611 5 ай бұрын

You need a lot of light to build images with extreme visual clarity and dynamic range for a traditional room-temp camera sensor. You don't need the same flux of light to detect these things with telescopes. The 'requirements' are totally different, and the technology in the sensors is very different. We also use large telescopes which focus light from a much larger area (multiple square metres) on to a small sensor, whereas camera lens apertures are only a few dozen square centimetres. You can't really compare the capabilities of a $300 consumer camera to those of multi-billion dollar telescopes.

@reidflemingworldstoughestm1394 5 ай бұрын

It's good to be the physicist.

@FlashMeterRed 5 ай бұрын

...... so pulsars are not good clocks because they've always been stretched and compressed by gravitational waves, and we've always observed that.

@ronkirk5099 5 ай бұрын

So Pythagoras's "music of the spheres" is a real thing? SpaceTime gravitational waves are constantly vibrating?

@brianmiller1077 5 ай бұрын

It's there but I don't think it's "Divine" if you catch my drift.

@Steelrat1994 5 ай бұрын

Ye, ofcourse. Any mass moving with acceleration creates gravitational waves. They are just way too weak for us to detect.

@ChrisFEJackson 5 ай бұрын

I wonder what Sir Fred Hoyle would have made about this, or Halton Arp

@F1.4the-moment 5 ай бұрын

Ugh, first….i guess 🙄😜 Thank you for educating me and reminding me why I can be in awe of the universe. Keep up the fantastic work you do.

@johnqpublic2718 5 ай бұрын

You guessed incorrectly.

@NoNo-nr2xv 5 ай бұрын

If these pulsar clock signals arrive "quicker" and "slower" than expected does this solve the "crisis in cosmology"?

@drdca8263 5 ай бұрын

I think it is quicker/slower relative to the pattern established for that particular pulsar. I don’t think it has much bearing on the issue you’re referring to? I could be wrong.

@garethdean6382 5 ай бұрын

Sadly no, the effect is quite small and should average out to zero over time and space. It's the difference between waves on a stream's surface and how fast the current is flowing; the 'crisis' is a larger, deeper issue.

@paulhawkins6415 5 ай бұрын

I don't understand how this experiment works. It seems to me that all the pulsars must be affected at more or less the same time. What am I missing?

@GodwynDi 5 ай бұрын

They aren't affected at the same time. Gravity has a max speed, and the pulsars are very far apart.

@paulhawkins6415 5 ай бұрын

@@GodwynDi Exactly. So how can there be a correlation between pulsars tens, if not thousands of light years apart?

@GodwynDi 5 ай бұрын

@paulhawkins6415 It has to do with their positions relative to the sensor, and how to precisely locate things in 3d space. Say you have 3 dots on a piece of paper. If all 3 emit something at a set interval, the sensor at the edge of the paper will receive the emission at those set intervals. For that to change, either the emission from the point must change, or the distance from the point to the sensor must change. Pulsars are relevant for this because they are consistent over long periods of time. And, when you have multiple points emitting constantly, you can measure relative changes. Such as if the sensor is getting closer to one and farther from another.

@Zhavlan Ай бұрын

Hello from Kazakhstan. The result is a “theory of everything” in a simple device. Einstein dreamed of measuring the speed of a train, a car - using the Michelson experiment of 1881/2024, and only then the experiment would be 100% completed. This can be done using a fiber optic HYBRID gyroscope. Based on a 100% completed Michelson experiment, the following postulates can be proven: Light is an ordered vibration of gravitational quanta, and dominant gravitational fields adjust the speed of light in a vacuum.

@AuthenticDarren 5 ай бұрын

It seems unlikely that supermassive black holes and other black holes are responsable for the entirety of the gravitational background, however there're surely a contributing factor, even if only for a fraction of the gravitational background.

@santosl.harper4471 5 ай бұрын

what data do you base this on? Because evidence suggests otherwise considering our initial models are wrong when it comes to the early universe