When Is A Fungus Not A Fungus?

Рет қаралды 46,420

Жыл бұрын

Oomycetes are one of the more unusual-looking microbes we’ve seen in the microcosmos. It looks more like a coral reef painted by an artist inspired by Gustav Klimt and a pile of trash. And if you saw that painting hanging in the museum, you might pass it by without thinking much of its subject.
To support Journey To The Microcosmos and help make "Journey To The Microcosmos Reacts" a thing, sign up at / journeytomicro
Don't forget to check out some giant fungus on our sibling channel, PBS Eons!
• When Giant Fungi Ruled
Follow Journey to the Microcosmos:
Twitter: / journeytomicro
Facebook: / journeytomicro
Shop The Microcosmos:
www.microcosmos.store
More from Jam’s Germs:
Instagram: / jam_and_germs
KZfaq: / @jamsgerms
Hosted by Hank Green:
Twitter: / hankgreen
KZfaq: / vlogbrothers
Music by Andrew Huang:
/ andrewhuang
Journey to the Microcosmos is a Complexly production.
Find out more at www.complexly.com
Stock video from:
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/ph...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/vi...
www.gettyimages.com/detail/vi...
SOURCES:
www.parliament.uk/about/livin...
www.britannica.com/event/Grea...
www.plantpath.cornell.edu/Fry/
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
www.astacology.org/MeetingPre...
www.apsnet.org/edcenter/disan...
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti...
kids.frontiersin.org/articles...
ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/o...
www.cell.com/current-biology/...
journals.plos.org/plospathoge...
www.frontiersin.org/articles/...
www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073...
academic.oup.com/femsre/artic...
www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S240...
This video has been dubbed using an artificial voice via aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. You can change the audio track language in the Settings menu.

Пікірлер: 180

@Gaming_Vegan_Ape Жыл бұрын

Missed opportunity to title it, "When a Fungi isn't a fun guy."

@Lava_Girl- Жыл бұрын

Haha love it 😀

@susanne5803 Жыл бұрын

Brilliant - except for many non native English watchers ...

@davidgould9431 Жыл бұрын

Except "a fungi" is nonsense. You have "a fungus" and "several fungi". And the g is still supposed to be hard (g not j) in fungi (edit: so your joke works, haha). Latin ftw, but note that the Italians spell the plural funghi, which keeps the g hard. Don't get me started on "alji". The g is hard: one alga, two algae (edit: al-guy). Hank, bless him, is obviously American. Pronunciation of foreign words isn't a strong point. Dammit, I'm British and could say the same of most of my compatriots. Edit: and I should say it about me, too. There are many, many languages I have no idea about and a lot of words I don't know in the few that I claim to have some knowledge of. I have no idea what I was thinking when I wrote that drivel last night.

@Gaming_Vegan_Ape Жыл бұрын

@@davidgould9431 it's all good. Haha ✌🏾✌🏾

@davidgould9431 Жыл бұрын

@@Gaming_Vegan_Ape Phew! That's a relief: I always worry that, by a typo, instead of being a pedant I'm hanging from the rafters.

@toyfreaks Жыл бұрын

I think the most compelling and plot-driven use of microscopes is in the 1971 sci-fi movie Andromeda Strain, based on the novel by Michael Crichton. Scientists are trying to identify a possible organism brought back from space. My favorite aspect of this are the mistakes that are made as fatigue starts to effect the scientists.

@japankasasagi 11 ай бұрын

That was such a great movie! The horror was subtle and understated, a true creeping horror.

@chansigma834 11 ай бұрын

Why is this video forced into auto dub Portuguese, with NO option given anywhere in the settings to disable it?

@rickinielsen1 Жыл бұрын

When I saw this, I was kinda excited to experience an episode narrated by John. But cannot complain about more of Hank either! Have a speedy recovery!

@williandalsoto806 Жыл бұрын

Why would John do this, when they have another host/writer?!

@rickinielsen1 Жыл бұрын

@@williandalsoto806 John is filling in for Hank in his various roles across the different channels/companies, while he is off on sick leave. Would have been really fun to hear him narrate one of these. Might still happen, since these videos are often quite a while in the making.

@Par_and_syv_lovers56 Жыл бұрын

That would be awesome just one time

@HopeRock425 11 ай бұрын

Is this video in Spanish for anyone else or just me? All tge other videos are English but this one has a weird Spanish naration.

@intensecutn 11 ай бұрын

@@HopeRock425this is coming up as Spanish for me too. Weird, especially because nobody else is talking about it in the comments.

@johnheuser5000 Жыл бұрын

I am often left with this tension between questions left unanswered and the barely understood in your videos. My narrative mind demands the definitive resolution of the story, where the bad guys are always caught or something. You leave us with more questions than answers. I feel the need to grab a microscope and find out for myself if there are oomycetes lurking around up my nose or somewhere. Truly excellent!

@RNG-999 Жыл бұрын

Wishing you a speedy and fast recovery... Hank...

@rachaelkenworthy6044 11 ай бұрын

I love the BBC’s Sherlock but in episode 1 Sherlock looks through a light microscope and on screen they show an image from electron microscopy.

@manebootti988 Жыл бұрын

as a mushroom farmer i want to appreciate you covering fungi. av always wondered what fungus look like under microscope

@Daktangle Жыл бұрын

"When is a fungus not a fungus?" When it's among us!

@pjp4481 Жыл бұрын

What if horizontal gene transfer between two non-related lineages was so intense that molecular evidence would group them both despite not being a real group? Could this ever have happened in the past? (Maybe with prokaryotes?)

@TheRedKnight101 Жыл бұрын

Normally you don't look at the whole genome of an organism to classify it. There are certain genes such as CO1 or 18S/16S that you would compare as those genes mutate at a very slow rate because they are vital for an organisms existence. It is best to compare multiple genes just to make sure. Genes that would be obtained via horizontal gene transfer could be used to differentiate at the family or genus level but it depends on the rate of mutations of those genes.

@mollystewart-gallus537 11 ай бұрын

I think that really only happens most with RNA viruses. I guess endosymbiosis kind of both counts and doesn't count?

@chriscubbernuss3288 Жыл бұрын

My favorite example is Frank Drebin using a microscope in the Police lab. "Use your open eye, Frank."

@fireemblemaddict128 Жыл бұрын

So this is the real life equivalent of being bitten by a radioactive spider?

@LimeyLassen Жыл бұрын

For real!

@HellOnWheel Жыл бұрын

1:23 and 6:00 Just flipping microbes like pancakes over here.

@rileed 11 ай бұрын

The audio is stuck in Portuguese and I can't change it, like some of the other commenters here. I assume it's something in either the video settings on the creators' side, or something KZfaq messed up.

@MCNarret Жыл бұрын

I wonder if horizontal gene transfer can happen enough that an organisms genes become more another's than itself, obfuscating its ancestry.

@EvilFi Жыл бұрын

a Ship of Theseus genome?

@MCNarret Жыл бұрын

@@EvilFi pretty much

@thomassontag4270 11 ай бұрын

Yes, there are microbes with DNA that mostly came from horizontal gene transfer, but that doesn't obfuscate their ancestry (assuming you were able to look at this thing's DNA, which isn't all that difficult). Basically, we only look at 16S rRNA (a really important sequence that all life has) to look at ancestry and ignore the rest of the genes. This method doesn't look at horizontal gene transfer, so horizontal gene transfer doesn't mess with trying to figure out "who the father is" all that much. But of course, if most of the DNA in a microbe came from horizontal gene transfer, knowing where one gene came from won't give you a clear picture about how this organism works.

@chillsahoy2640 Жыл бұрын

It almost reminds me of a reverse version of how bees evolved, where the ancestors of bees were ancient predatory wasps, some of those wasps evolved into bees (non-predatory) and the rest evolved into modern predatory wasps.

@flamencoprof Жыл бұрын

WRT horizontal gene transfer, in 2015 I learned that DNA can shuttle between cells in an animal. Specifically, mitochondria can migrate between cells in the same body. I also learned that Mitochondria are in a constant state of fusion and division inside the cell, which seems to tie in with that, making mitochondria seem a lot more autonomous than I had been taught in late Sixties Biology class at school.

@MrTimjwilson 6 ай бұрын

It would be great if James could do a definitive video [with his great equipment] delineating the morphological differences between oomycetes and zygomycota fungi > Mucoromycotina species too perhaps. These distinctions are important for farmers/growers using liquid extracts verified by microscopy. These extracts are applied to soil and plants to enhance growth. Thank you James for your good work.

@lilym1428 Жыл бұрын

The "bug" at 3:37 looks like some type of springtail, no?

@JackTheVulture Жыл бұрын

Ooh that closing line was spooky, I loved it

@sararielle 11 ай бұрын

For some reason this video seems to have its audio in (I believe) Portuguese. I can't find a button to change language tracks (and I didn't think Microscosmos was produced in any language other than English). Has anyone else had this experience? Does anyone know what's going on??

@PeridotEX Жыл бұрын

Something i've always wondered about - is there a reason that unicellular things like yeast are considered fungi, while things like algae and ameoba are considered animal/plant-like protists? Are unicellular fungi similar enough to their multicellular brethren to share a kingdom, or is it a relatively arbitrary decision?

@Dragrath1 11 ай бұрын

To answer this it turns out that at least in some cases yeast can depending on the environmental conditions revert/reorganize into multicellular hyphae while some typically hyphae network fungi can opportunistically revert/change into a yeast like form. So while some fungi are almost always yeast or hyphae others blur the line such that its hard to differentiate the two. In fact lab experiments have even shown that through artificial selection they can force generally obligate unicellular yeast to reevolve multicellularity in the lab. Genetically there is good reason to believe yeast are the result of secondary unicellularity/independent living thus any group of fungi which excludes yeast would be paraphyletic in the same way that any group which contains monkeys would be paraphyletic if it excluded apes. Does this help answer your question?

@rachaelkenworthy6044 11 ай бұрын

Short answer, yes. Things like digesting their food outside before absorbing it, having cell walls and how they build them, amongst other traits do group single celled fungi separate from algae or amoeba. But when you get into where exactly to draw the line between more similar single celled organisms scientist are still researching and debating.

@blakethompson-dodd9874 11 ай бұрын

Why is this video dubbed in another language with no option to change it back?

@egypt_eagle_gamer5861 Жыл бұрын

Beautiful, Thanks

@Sevenigma777 Жыл бұрын

Oomycetes sounds like something an old man would complain about. "Oh, oh my cetes is acting up again" lol

@bernardthongvanh5613 Жыл бұрын

they look inside a brightfield microscope and get to see DNA in 8K lol

@abcmicroscopy 11 ай бұрын

Nice video and amazing equipment!

@oneshotme Жыл бұрын

Enjoyed your video and I gave it a Thumbs Up

@gaeshows1938 Жыл бұрын

When it becomes a fun guy

@alan11194 11 ай бұрын

Why is the audio of this video in Portugese?? how do i switch it back to English???

@Thomas_Name 11 ай бұрын

2:14 That is practically the definition of doing a very good thing.

@jarrettrodriguez5341 Жыл бұрын

I love this channel ❤

@demonac Жыл бұрын

"When is a gift not a gift?"

@pattheplanter Жыл бұрын

When it is German and is a poison.

@morgan0 11 ай бұрын

youtube keeps switching the audio track to the portuguese version for some reason, idk if it’s something on your end or another case of the youtube ios app devs getting hired straight out of kindergarten and breaking everything in the app

@scriptorpaulina Жыл бұрын

You gotta… you gotta tell us about the real cause of the Irish famine… the British and their obsession with eugenics

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

They were definitely trying to purge a people.

@neevE22 11 ай бұрын

This vid is forcing the Portuguese dubbed audio for some reason 😅

@intensecutn 11 ай бұрын

I thought it was Spanish, but yes I getting that too. Can't figure out how to change it.

@anomalousentity Жыл бұрын

Horizontal gene transfer between evolutionarily close/distant multicellular life could happen via a viral intermediary. I'm thinking something similar to how we use tobacco mosaic virus to heterologously express foreign proteins of interest in plants.

@Zayskibop Жыл бұрын

Thank you for sharing some Oomycetes info 😭❤️ nothing I love more than obscure “fungi” that i love getting some love back!

@sunchorus Жыл бұрын

I would love to see your reactions to microscopy in the TV show Bones which has some cringeworthy pseudoscience.

@zardeenah9414 11 ай бұрын

My audio to this is in Portuguese! Halp!

@Alwaysziv 11 ай бұрын

I know! I love listening while falling asleep but it just doesn’t have the same vibe in Portuguese.

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

Likely from a few comments on here that explain that the famine was due to food being shipped out of Ireland; the numbers killed via the blight are rather low to the body count from so much of the other food being shipped out of Cork & other Irish ports.

@intensecutn 11 ай бұрын

@@Herperof1000derpshow does that relate to this video being in Portuguese?

@mtaylorfoofa Жыл бұрын

It wasn't a famine, it was a genocide. There was food, it wasn't being given to the Irish. It was being exported by the British, being grown by the Irish.

@UniDocs_Mahapushpa_Cyavana Жыл бұрын

It can be both.

@pattheplanter Жыл бұрын

There has never been a famine in a democratic country. All are the result of political villains and all are also genocide.

@davidgould9431 Жыл бұрын

Yep. As an Englishman I am ashamed. Modern-day Americans might want to ponder what the point of killing all the bison was. Not to ensure native Americans starved? Surely not! The trouble with high horses is that they offer a long fall. OK, you might be a penitent English person or an infuriated Irishman (can't blame you) or an Irish-American who's soaked up all the vitriol. Or someone else. Whatever: what we English did to the Irish was unforgivable. Mind you, we did lots of unforgivable things to most of the world. I'm really not proud to be English. Luckily, I'm 62 and, in cosmological terms, I'm pretty much gone already, so I can't do too much more damage, even by association.

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

@@davidgould9431 General Sherman was a monster for his purge of the bison. He forced the surviving Plains Tribes onto reservations. Still regarded as a war hero by the ignorant.

@Cleeon 11 ай бұрын

@@davidgould9431 I'm learning from your explanation, sir

@brendakrieger7000 Жыл бұрын

Thanks for sharing💚🔬🦠 Sending you so much love,hugs & encouragement Hank! Good Vibes💜

@jimster1111 11 ай бұрын

Is anyone else getting the video narration in Portuguese or Italian or something

@thingamabitch Жыл бұрын

Potatoes being inedible only caused a famine because potatoes were all the Irish were allowed to farm for themselves. England took all of their other crops and took this artificial famine as an opportunity to commit ethnic cleansing by evicting everybody from their homes, so they could turn Ireland into lots and lots of farmland.

@UniDocs_Mahapushpa_Cyavana Жыл бұрын

Class and cultural cleansing seems like a more likely motivation, as pre-Irish-Potato-🥔-Famine was very culturally different from England ☕, much more so than now. And humans tend to be more trigger 🔫☠ happy with cultural differences than ethnic ones. That is a pretty universal trend, even more tolerant nations are like that.

@Magmafrost13 Жыл бұрын

@@UniDocs_Mahapushpa_Cyavana What exactly are emojis adding to your comment here besides making it harder to read?

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

Correct. This was a forced famine, as is further evidenced by the shipping records from Cork & other ports.

@markmaurer6370 11 ай бұрын

the potato blight was the fungus. the famine and death were the English.

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

Facts. They changed it to Portuguese audio, possibly cuz of comments like yours & mine.

@lynniesaade4710 Жыл бұрын

I'm surprised you never mentioned how they can produce gruesome infections in fish. Seeing one of my pet fish get infected when I was little child kind of made me really hate these guys

@zoereidinger 6 ай бұрын

Did y'all end up making the react video? I know I'm late to the party but I couldn't find it on patreon.

@roskoced6598 3 ай бұрын

In the defense of oomycetes, if humankind had not been disrupting entire ecosystems with the advent of intensive agriculture, oomycetes would never be an issue because they'd just be in equilibrium with their hosts/victims.

@Ajeet_Bharadwaj 11 ай бұрын

Perenosclerospora is personal favourite

@karenbaumann8572 11 ай бұрын

Do you sell prints of those microscopy still frames?? If not, you should. I would buy them. Especially the one at 4:55. 😍

@kaitlynoddie9649 3 ай бұрын

hank saying diatoms are pacifists right as i'm sprinkling diatomaceous earth on my houseplants to kill spider mites is very ironic to me

@uwtartarus 11 ай бұрын

This video isn't in English randomly? What's up with that? Did youtube scramble my settings?!

@Alondro77 11 ай бұрын

I hate oomycetes. They killed my orchids and bromeliads! VENGEANCE SHALL BE MINE!!

@katiekane5247 11 ай бұрын

To quote the awesome botonist Joey Santoro; "how'd you do dat?"

@Magmafrost13 Жыл бұрын

2:11 I mean.... no, the English starved a nation by forcing them to export all the non-potato food they were still quite comfortably growing. P. infestans caused the blight, but the English caused the famine

@annefoley6950 4 ай бұрын

There are two things, more than anything else in natural philosophy, that make me say "What," and "Yikes." That is, fungi and horizontal gene transfer. You can imagine my horror and fascination.

@SuperDaveP270 Жыл бұрын

One of the best episodes you guys have made! In my humble opinion

@strawberry_lemonade3733 11 ай бұрын

Howdy, this will probably be long but oh well. I recently have been getting in to microscopy but I'm having trouble deciding what I should do. I don't really know what, or how, to study, what I should be looking for, what sort of things need more researching, etc. It's so hard to put into words. There are certain species that look like one another but are different, lots of things are unknown, even the same species can have certain "strains" and it's a lot to take in. You could finish your giant game of guess who and still be wrong! I don't know, it's just a bit confusing to me. If anyone made sense of that I'd love to read the replies, thanks!

@cowgoesmoo2 Жыл бұрын

oWomycides

@76rjackson 11 ай бұрын

My mango tree got a fungus but i stopped it. Different fungus absolutely devasted all the papayas. It went from the fruit to the stem and ate the whole tree. Treated it like the mango but to no avail.

@sm4964 10 ай бұрын

yeah no you can't change the audio track in settings... sad, i'm on a binge for the SAR supergroup

@DallyDragon 11 ай бұрын

This video is in the wrong language. The audio track setting is missing.

@ronanclark2129 Жыл бұрын

The fungus of Theseus

@hunterericson6782 11 ай бұрын

… when he is no longer among us.

@itsdonaldo Жыл бұрын

I saw a movie recently where the scientist looked into a microscope which was facing the wrong way. Then she made a startling conclusion. haha!

@caiden-_- Жыл бұрын

Hey, I think my microscope has been messing up my eye, when I use it everything is darker compared to using my left eye (which is very uncomfortable) so I want to get a microscope phone holder but idk which is good for my phone, most I find are iPhone ones, do you have a suggestion of a phone holder for a s20 fe 5g?

@sava-smth Жыл бұрын

Aren't they adjustable?

@2Cats_ina_Trenchcoat Жыл бұрын

How often do you use it? If it's often, then perhaps it's just eye strain. Just a thought though. I'm certainly no expert.

@caiden-_- Жыл бұрын

@@2Cats_ina_Trenchcoatdepends on the day, sometimes multiple times a day and sometimes I don't use it for a couple days

@caiden-_- Жыл бұрын

@sava-smth no idea, never bought one to see because I have no clue if it would fit and I'm not risking my money

@jaydonbooth4042 Жыл бұрын

I always struggle to see out of my left eye that I use for looking through the microscope right after I am using it. Everything is all greyer and darker and hard to see, the typical way it is when you've been in a bright environment and then suddenly look to a darker one. It seems to go back to normal when it adjusts after a bit but I have been wondering each time whether it will actually cause long term eye problems from being blinded regularly like that. Do microscopists tend to have bad eyes?

@Ziorac Жыл бұрын

Oomycetes literally went 'hey there fungi, I like how you do that, let me steal some of your DNA and do it too.'

@theperfectbotsteve4916 6 ай бұрын

they really dont like plants

@thefance4708 11 ай бұрын

Maybe the diatoms' silica walls aren't for _their_ protection, maybe it's for _our_ protection.

@apteropith Жыл бұрын

Ireland didn't have a famine, it had one crop failure of many across Europe at that time, and there was no shortage of other food in any of these places what Ireland suffered was colonial genocide: starvation, through denial of food, was just the method

@anthrop0phag 11 ай бұрын

thank you, I was looking for this comment

@9a3eedi 11 ай бұрын

Fungus amogus

@grapesoda8113 5 ай бұрын

2:48 oomycetesnuts

@Rosethesicko 11 ай бұрын

Why is it in Portuguese

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

Some of us took issue w/ the language that seemed to absolve the English of their forced starvation of the Irish, or "potato famine" as it is called. That's my best guess.

@intensecutn 11 ай бұрын

@@Herperof1000derpsuhhhh, what?

@SophiaAstatine 11 ай бұрын

@@Herperof1000derpsWell, to be fair, the famine wasn't caused by the English. Just all of the pointless deaths and avoidable suffering due to the inappropriate legislation by the English cunts.

@Jasruler 10 ай бұрын

Why is this playing back in Portuguese…

@cosmoplakat9549 Жыл бұрын

Forensic Files - good microscopy tho they only show a little bit.

@shifter1089 Жыл бұрын

Can I send in a sample of water from a pool thats had things die in it and hasnt been treated for years? Also frogs love the pool.

@AquaTunes 11 ай бұрын

Or they make death alive again. So much Possible 🤣😘

@jjk2one 3 ай бұрын

A fungal amoeba. The ergot fungi caused the potato famine, my theory

@willmendoza8498 Жыл бұрын

Horizontal gene transfer is so wild

@Nyan_Kitty Жыл бұрын

Hank ❤

@Beryllahawk 11 ай бұрын

The concept of a critter that is, and isn't, a fungus is both fascinating and faintly threatening. Um... are there any of these oomycetes that infect PEOPLE? By chance? Not that I need another anxiety but uh -

@cronaman3196 11 ай бұрын

The language isnt english and idk how to change it ;_;

@harold2718 11 ай бұрын

Oomfycetes

@Ajeet_Bharadwaj 11 ай бұрын

Just stared this video guessing it's about saprolegina or synchitrium

@Ajeet_Bharadwaj 11 ай бұрын

Close enough, these two are also water molds

@LorreKeeper 10 ай бұрын

I don’t know why this video keeps flipping between English & Spanish languages, but it has me grumpled. ;m; I want to learn about this!

@Chiavaccio Жыл бұрын

👏👏👏

@vapormissile Жыл бұрын

Step 1, have an objective?

@snehapradhan5591 Жыл бұрын

💜

@philipmurphy2 Жыл бұрын

"Have you ever watch a TV show" Erm I assume you meant streaming?

@sciencenerd7639 Жыл бұрын

Cool

@Malkovith2 Жыл бұрын

When you're a president and this microbe kills off most of your population: uh oh my cities!

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

The English did it. There was enough food. It was just being shipped out. The Famine is a lie.

@lauram9478 Жыл бұрын

❤

@backupaccount1315 11 ай бұрын

Cant change voice over in settings, I get spanish.

@thaliaramos4997 11 ай бұрын

I get Portuguese but I don’t mind it

@Ajeet_Bharadwaj 11 ай бұрын

I fukin love this video keep on making such videos

@PP237PP Жыл бұрын

I prefer to support your channel by watching your KZfaq videos 👍

@helmaschine1885 Жыл бұрын

Yeah why would anyone need 900 patrons when they also have a merch store AND ad revenue?? Like, I'd rather patronise a small creator rather than a company

@SophiaAstatine Жыл бұрын

@@helmaschine1885 Can't tell if this is sarcasm, but I'll assume it isn't, since this is the Internet. There's plenty of reason for why you'd want to suppliment your economic foundation, especially given KZfaq is a shitty ass platform. No way near trustworthy enough to jeopardise several people's livelihoods and salaries.

@nessidoe8080 Жыл бұрын

That video teaser is extortion! 😂

@CodyRswag 11 ай бұрын

Why is this in Spanish?

@sasbazooka Жыл бұрын

Aren't both potatoes and tomatoes new world crops? Wouldn't that make a North American disease non invasive on non native crops?

@Shot5hells 11 ай бұрын

Maybe it suddenly emerged as a pathogen to those species and previously didn’t infect them? Not a biologist, just a vague guess based on my understanding of bacterial and viral pathogens jumping between host species

@rainbowlifeme 11 ай бұрын

Whenever I’m tired of bullshit on the internet I come here to relax.

@Herperof1000derps 11 ай бұрын

No talk about how it was a forced starvation? There was food in Ireland being shipped out & they labeled it as a "famine". It is a huge lie, than you help to propagate, here.