25 years damn

You're a G my man

This is the coolest reply I've seen here. First of all thank you for doing what you do goddamn. And second it's wild to read about that real world problem connected to the phenomenon in this video. I wonder then if you could increase pressure in the truck, or lift it up somehow. Probably not, but it's an interesting problem!

@@michh8901 Since this is a problem with air pressure and vacuum, there is nothing you can do in the truck, however some of our trucks have a second pump you can carry where the truck won't drive. Worst case there is also a system with three hoses where you actually pump high pressure water down one hose to get twice the amount of low pressure water back.

The whole thing about having to pump water at several levels in the Empire State Bldg. makes sense also.

Wow from a student to a ph.d student really amazing

Hopefully me too in a couple years!

I mean, he's often doing what other channels have already done, including in this video.

THIS SHOULD HAVE BEEN EXPLAINED. but hey what do i know? my job it to shut down dumbass comments from nickle back. BTW mom though that was what you get back at pennys Go ask some people on the street about the boiling temperature of water. Some might say 212°F or even better 100°C-but that's not always true. As you increase your altitude above sea level, the boiling point of water decreases by about 1°F for every 500 feet increase. That means your water in Denver is going to be 203°F and this will have an impact on your cooking. But why? Water Vapor Pressure There are many awesome things about water-one interesting "factoid" is that on the surface of the Earth you can find water in all three phases: solid (we call this ice), liquid water, and as a gas. We call the gas phase of water "water vapor." You might think that you need to boil liquid water to create water vapor-but you don't. You just need some liquid water at room temperature (or any temperature). Picture a glass of water. If you could zoom in with super vision (not actually possible), you would see that this water is made of a bunch of molecules-water molecules. Although these molecules are themselves made of three atoms (two hydrogens and one oxygen), let's just think of them as tiny balls. These tiny water balls are moving around in the water but stay fairly close to their ball neighbors. This motion isn't due to currents in the water, instead this is thermal motion. Imagine these tiny balls jiggling around in a giant collection of balls. The hotter the water, the greater the motion of these water balls. But wait! The speeds of the water particles aren't all the same. Although there is an average ball speed, some are going faster and some are going slower. It's just like the height of a group of adult humans. There is an average height, but everyone is not the same. Some people are VERY tall, but that's just a small fraction of the total group. If you have a glass of water sitting out on a table, the water balls don't just stay as a liquid. Some of these balls have enough thermal energy to break away and become free. Free from the liquid stage means the water ball is now a gas-water vapor. Boiling is not needed to get this water vapor. But wait! It works the other way too. Some of the water balls in the gas stage can interact with the liquid water and join the liquid water balls. Water in a closed container (like a water bottle) will eventually reach an equilibrium state between water vapor and liquid water. At this equilibrium state the rate that water balls are freed from the liquid state are the same as the rate of water balls entering the liquid state. The pressure of this water gas in equilibrium is called the vapor pressure (assuming it's all water gas and no air in the container).

@@unvergebeneid yes, but you can say that for nearly every other channel.

Correct, he has built a WATER BAROMETER. The water is NOT BOILING, but rather sea level AIR PRESSURE can only support a HYDROSTATIC COLUMN that is 10.33 meters tall. Above that height only a zero-pressure vacuum can exist.

which is also why the imperial unit for pressure is mm Hg. Hg is the chemical symbol for mercury

Thats makes a lot more sense now thanks ​@dsdy1205 !

@@mrhypobaric2532 water lifted above that point BOILS, yes.

@@mrhypobaric2532 Water boils due to low pressure. It is not only because of temperature, if the water goes from liquid to gas, it boils.

What's so hard about this exactly? This is literally how mercury barometers work.

Did they not teach science with examples in your school?

Trees exploit the diamagmetic properties of water. So no boiling.

Holy shit how does that work please tell us I am looking at a tree right now seriously I swear on my life I am sitting in the van and I happen to look over to kind of think about what I was going to ask you and I saw a tree and I'm like how in the hell please explain to us that is very interesting I am intrigued thank you please oblige us 💓

@@WiKiTWoNKa you okay bro?

@@N____er lmao they're just curious

Not completely true. Using extremely thin tube eliminates the phenomena. Go for capillary effect to understand trees.

yup, also how clouds exist ^_^

This comment helps me understand why a bit better.

a bit late but now this comment has 33 likes, how fitting

​@@oliversmith1981I know! I was confused as hell haha

Yeah the weight of a 1 square inch column of water 33 feet high is 14.7 pounds the same as typical atmospheric pressure of 14.7 psi.

Record your starting point above sea level.

Just curious, what would happen if we didn't and used straight tap water?

​@leethebruce1605 When water is mixed with other solutes, it can rasie or decrease the boiling point as i believe the boiling point then jsut becomes an average of the substances in the solution. Well i don't know if its related to that, but its just something of what i know

Well, that's good for a baseline, but the curious might want to vary the experiment to see what happens. You can try distilled water, but you can also try tap water, salt water, dirty/stagnant water, dyed water (to see any effect on the dye as you get closer to the top), just lots of ways you can do this. Maybe use milk or juice, or even put a big helping of cooking oil into the top end of the tube before you seal it off and bring it upward. That oil has a boiling point, too, and it's different from that of water!

@@KazmirRunik I REALLY want to see someone boil cooking oil like this. Crazy long tube!

Well you were so lucky I love physics and maths but the teachers just drain you out of curiosity

I had a great physics teacher in high school, too. Mr. Bradford. 💜

Seriously? Not part of curriculum? I thought it was basic knowledge. I think I was twelve when I learned that in school.

wasn't the same actually..a lil bit different

They're different

@@mrDUBtaker similar enough he should have mentioned it earlier, if only to avoid this

@@chrstfer2452 If you had watched the whole video you would've seen that he did mention it

@@Void_Serenade he said similar

Hey its you

@@hamondorf9355 oh hey Hamondorf, how's it going?

Writing an essay on yt? Lmfao

@@axylotl1878 I'd rather see this interesting comment rather than bots or someone being toxic af

@@axylotl1878 are you new to these types of videos?

Ah! I was a little confused as to what was causing the pressure until the end. I mean my intuition (from doing this in the bathtub as a kid with a cup lol) told me it was the weight of the water pulling down that caused it but it wasn't really explained until the end. Thank you for this!

Makes sense since every ten meters you get one atmosphere of pressure.

@@ubershmekel what does not makes any sense is people still using imperial units

Why 10,3 meters and not 9,8?

@@user-od4yl3rf4n because it comes from p=ρgh, therefore h=p/ρg, which is about 10,3 m

Yep, he just made a water based barometer. That's why they use to use heavier mercury. So instead of 33.8ft, it only needed to be 760mm (~30 inches) tall.

Whoa so wait, YOU'RE South Africa!? I've heard so much about you... I LOVE your accent!

Jeez

Oh Americans. It is 10 meters. The boiling point is based on the metric system.

schools never do good at explaining things. the reason why a lot of us fail at calculus

@@arlynnecumberbatch1056 Teachers play a big role in that, and the fact that they are underpaid makes it really hard to find one that actually cares to teach people. (plus some of them have psychological problems and should not be allowed to work as teachers, yet they do)

now i know why my watercooler sez "glub glub"

@@MindFlayeR57 wow, no wonder why a lot of kids today hate teachers

Ripleys believe or not has that I thinnk

I did a shadow freezer thing

Interesting idea. It would be similar to a black in white film soundless film

yes. well, The King Of Random channel did it by pushing a smartphone with a bright image to a glow in the dark wall and the image could be seen afterwards

Only parts of the image would be stored; namely the parts which contain blue light. Neither red or green light are energetic enough to excite the common green phosphor. I have some paper treated with the stuff and I can write on it with my 405nm violet laser and cast long lasting shadows with a blacklight, but neither my 660nm red nor my 532nm green lasers affect it at all despite being quite a bit more powerful. You can get phosphorescent spray paint at any hardware store. You should pick up a can and try it yourself. If you search for strontium aluminate glow powder on line it's supposed to be way better than the older zinc sulfide stuff that's in everything. Way brighter and glows for hours. Anyways have fun.

Also a bigger tube

I would think it would change with the outside air temperature.

Boiling requires energy, which is taken from the water and its surroundings, so the water will be colder as it boils.

Thanks for the supporting info...and double thanks from the 95% of the population that uses metric

@@amalieemmynoether992 you always use metric for science in america

He could've got 33.8ft cauz he used a small tube and there could've been capillary effect supporting the water up

@@basidhsajan2398 Yeah, and I estimated the temperature, so that could change the results as well

@@e4Bc4Qf3Qf7 then why do I constantly see science shows/YT vids that still state units in imperial measures often with no conversion to metric?

Good times huh? Man how time flies

Holy I didn't even realize he has almost *four million subs* now when did that happen?? I still thought of them as a smallish KZfaqr

@@WulanDari-uv8bg Hey guys look, it’s a bot! The future of KZfaq! Doesn’t this look so great?

@@naga_serpentis actually.. terrible..

@@naga_serpentis I'd love seeing a future full of bots talking nonsense and promoting their crap!

The xylem fibres are narrower Also it has dissolved salts in it which lowers it vapour pressure ( relative lowering of vapour pressure) that's why it doesn't boil in trees

Basically capillary action

I believe it is the evaporation from the leaves that pumps the fluids up the tree.

​@mtbkmaniac1 it's a lot of things but less of that and more like how fibers absorb fluid and pull them up. Like a rag hanging half out of a cup full of water drains the cup. There is also an electromagnetic force pulling on the ionz of the water that have added salts from the tree. The top of the tree is charged with a positive charge, and the base is negative. Between the capillary action of the fibers of the tree and electromagnetic force that is pulling on every single molecule of water, you end up with enough scaffolding to have water at the height of the tree without the boiling problem.

They have check valves built in

You don't get much "capillary effect" in a tube of that diameter. The hydrogen-bonding responsible for the capillary effect is the same thing that causes the meniscus, but it's immensely dependent on the narrowness of the tube.

@@TROOPERfarcry it says water is boiling, does it mean that it's temperature was around 100°C on that level in the tube ?

@@xs1190 i was also thinking that, adding on to our question: is it boiling or is it just air (and formed air bubbles) and water mixture moving around due to pressure differences?

@@xs1190 nope, water can boil at lower temperatures if the pressure around is less, by boiling it means that the water starts to evaporate very quickly with ( bubbles forming), the termperature of water in the tube is same as the water in the bucket

@@SSSPrince both, cuz due to the vaccum the trapped air get driven out of it and also cuz of the vacuum the water starts to boil due to the lower pressure

width doesn’t matter probably. You double the pressure at 10m depth regardless of how big your body of water is at sea level. Thus going 10m up decreases pressure from +1 bar to -1 bar. So from sea level 0 at 10m water depth above sea level. Just as how you get 2 bar at 10m below sealevel

Temp yes, Width /volume no effect...

i'd hang out with you at a party!

Thunderf00t did an experiment where he showed pressure changing the temperature of an area. This was interesting as well.

I have one complaint about the Monty Hall problem the way is was told to me though. I was NOT told the crucial point that Monty KNOWS which door holds the prize and is NOT ALLOWED to open it. I thought the he just had to pick a random door just like me. Once you know that constraint, it becomes a lot more obvious. Too many people leave out that critical detail.

Hella? Please don't.

@@lakse123 Yes, knowing what’s the sample and what’s the sample space is absolutely crucial. It still tends to confuse people, though.

The volume at the top was sometimes referred to as a vacuum. But just to be clear, it’s full of mostly gaseous water (steam), right?

@@Kevin-S yea, it would be great to somehow get a pressure reading in that space at the top of the tube which has displaced the water.

@@Kevin-S Right: let's assume there was an actual vacuum. Then random molecules at the vacuum-water interface would achieve enough kinetic energy to free themselves into the vacuum. This process would keep going until an equilibrium was reached.

Yh, but that would make such a small a difference that it wouldnt even matter

Air pressure working on the diameter of the water column will support a certain weight. A column of fresh water 33 feet tall exerts 1 atmosphere of pressure at the bottom. A column of sea water 30 feet tall does the same thing. A column of mercury (yucky stuff) does the same trick in about 30 inches. Air pressure is supporting the fluid, so you can only support the cross section of the pipe times 14.7 pounds of fluid if the pipe is cylindrical. Why does the shape matter? It doesn't matter to the pressure gradient or the height, but it makes a difference in how many pounds of water will be supported. Tricky, here - a pipe that flared from one square inch at the bottom to 100 square inches at the top would still rise to 33 feet of fresh water even though the weight of the water would exceed the pressure of air at the bottom. Physics isn't broken, though. The slope of the walls of a flaring tube support the excess weight. Think of the slope of the walls pressing against the water in two vectors, one horizontal, and one vertical. When the walls are cylindrical, the walls don't have any vertical influence. As a flare is added to the walls, they start to support more and more of the weight of the water. The fluid/gas boundary is not necessarily from the water, btw. Starting just above the bottom of the column there is less than 1 atmosphere of pressure. If the water had dissolved gases in it, they would be released before the water would start boiling. The height you see is also dependent on gravity since that drives air pressure. Results will vary on other planets.

Why the does people do this for example Wulan Dari just stop it

@@johnnyragadoo2414 Mercury isn't "yucky." When we were kids, we used to play with it whenever a thermometer broke!

@@maindepth8830 The difference is not all that subtle. The weather report for today says my local pressure is 29.97 inches (of mercury). At just 1,000 feet higher in a little Cessna, it would be about 28.97 inches. At low altitudes, there is about one inch of mercury pressure lapse per thousand feet. The 33 foot column is basically a water barometer, reflecting air pressure at the bottom of the column of water.

I've always wondered how altimeters compensated for pressure before computers, thanks for explaining!

@@Ruiluth Even a computer needs some sort of input. Your transponder Mode C broadcasts your pressure altitude (using an altimeter setting 29.92) and their radar screens compensate with the local altimeter setting to display your altitude (assuming you're below FL 180 in the USA). The only other real way to derive altitude is via GPS assuming a minimum of 4 satellites are in view. Either way, a glass cockpit or other computer system would still need altitude information from a measurement device.

Thats because water pumps are terrible at pumping air so everyting must be filled with water

That must be very so. Boiling water reference provides a known temperature (relative to elevation) without a thermometer and eliminates any diversity from LOW-MED-HIGH burner size.

true

@sourand jaded Everything? Only corpuscular matter I presume you mean. A magnetic field doesn't have vapour pressure. And what is the vapour pressure of a black hole? 😉

@sourand jaded Well, on a more serious note: does diamond have vapour pressure? Those bonds are strong enough, I don't think there is an equilibrium. Or salt even? Titanium? I guess you could say its vapour pressure is zero, but that is stretching the concept just as much as I did.

@@landsgevaerDiamonds are actually quite easy to vaporize. Takes a lot of heat and oxygen to break those bonds under a blowtorch u can vapourize a diamond.

Yeah, for example, in the rush to make the video short, he did not really allowed the level to stabilise.

@@olmostgudinaf8100 - IKR.... I was thinking about moving it above and below to find the exact moments it started boiling and seeing if temperature has any effect.

Yep, interesting. Everything evaporates at any temperature, until the vapour pressure is reached. At 20.0°C, the vapour pressure of ethanol is 5.95 kPa, which is higher than for water. However, its density is also slightly lower at 789 kg/m³. So that would give a column that is taller than that for water.

@@landsgevaer This would be cool experiment.

Yeah, he just kinda didn't care about that part

didnt he say theoretically tho, assuming its just water with no oxygen dissolved maybe

I think it was understood that he meant a hypothetical perfect vacuum - so that you could run the numbers and find a limit to how high you could ever get the water level. James does glaze over key talking points in his video as he's catering to a younger crowd.

I agree with you. The same thing can be observed with a plastic syringe filled half way with water and all the air expelled. There's dissolved air in the water and when you pull the vacuum you expand those micro-bubbles. When you release the vacuum the bubbles shrink back to their original size. Interesting but inaccurate to call it boiling. Yes, water will boil at lower pressures. I live at an altitude of 4500 feet and water boils somewhere around 209˚F. The reason why there's no water in space is because of the extreme vacuum. Water boils away.

@@WulanDari-uv8bg Do you squirt and bubble if you're raised above 34 feet and somebody attaches a vacuum pump to you? GTFO

Exactly. This video is wrong in multiple accounts. The gases bubbling out were most likely N2, O2, some inert gases and maybe a little CO2, and I bet little to no.water vapor. The water is degassing, not boiling.

@@joelafrite7850 I don't think this video was all wrong, or even very far off. The pressure at 10 meters or 33 feet (depending upon who is doing the measurement) is already known to be about 1 atmosphere, so the results shown here aren't too far off (and depending upon the atmospheric pressure at that particular place and time, could even be pretty close to correct). But dissolved gases are clearly throwing off the results at least a little bit.

Uuuuhh...It's boiling not because it's hot But because "lower the pressure means lower the boiling temperature"

Boiling point is a function of heat and pressure. Decrease in pressure with no increase in heat will cause boiling. There is no change in temperature of the water or air. You can get around this in two ways: pushing the water vs pulling, or doing it in stages with resevoirs placed in increments less than the height of the boiling point.

It's not hot...

😂

In practical terms, that’s always what the term “sucking” means really.

Also plastic lets air through. That is the reason why the plastic water tubes inside of a house got an aluminum layer. It is to prevent air getting into the water. He needs to use these house water tubes and put a glass on top to see how much air is sucked out of the water - e.g is boiled out and how much air is sucked through the plastic surface.

Pressure in water depends only on height, nothing else.

@@wurstelei1356 No air got in, since he showed the water condensing back into liquid when he lowered it.

@@Owen_loves_Butters I see air that is forced into the tube. Watch the video, the air isn't getting out fully. That is the reason why you use PEX tubes with aluminum core in your house. See the PEX tube part on Wikipedia here: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene

@@wurstelei1356 …air is not “forced into the tube”. The Wiki article refers to “oxygen DIFFUSION”, in which oxygen molecules can diffuse across the matrix, and be absorbed into the water. Diffusion is a totally different process from just “air getting through” or “air is sucked through”. Main difference is the rate of penetration… diffusion is generally the slow movement of atoms or molecules of an element, such as hydrogen or oxygen. The air that you think is “being sucked through the plastic surface” is actually the air coming out of solution in the water, in other words being boiled out, due to lowering the air pressure (vacuum)… when the vacuum is released (pressure raised), the air is again pushed back into solution, and “disappears”.

Why would it be less expensive? Are you one of those who think you can get water from thin air for free?

@@NGC1433 because the end result you want is room temperature water, not nearly boiling water. You need to waste a lot of energy to boil water, and it's not possible in practice to get all that energy back.

He's referring to the fact you not using a heat source to produce steam

You would need to move the tube up and down, I've thought about this quite a bit...

The water at the top of the tube will be basically that of its surroundings, less a bit due to evaporative cooling. I'd recommend googling a phase diagram for water. There should really have been one in the video.

@@chaos.corner Thank you so much for the info! I'm a bit of a geek and I love to learn about these things.

It would feel like you’re swimming in a hot tub

You would probably faint

@@Gibbs2Gothe temperature of the water does not change

@@wvking ohh, I just figured if the water is boiling, it would be hot.. I watched again and realized that you could lower the boiling point by reducing the pressure.. that is crazy, thanks for pointing my error out!

The liquid is withstanding the atmospheric pressure. The tube is filled 100% with liquid before taking it up the stairs and liquid doesn't compress very much.

Interesting!

This would only work if the top of the pipe was completely sealed off by some sort of valve and the flow was going into some sort of vessel with the pipe exit under the surface of the water. But yes I assume there could be some issues with the water boiling if the pipe wasn't allowed to drain.

Would be great if there was a way to vent/collect the vapor and refill with water in pulses.

I think this is related to how ram pumps create compressed air

@@David_Mash It would create similar concentrations of water vapor that already exist in the atmosphere, so the question would be how to re-condense it.

things get pushed into vacuums

When you say “ sucking juice with a straw” its still the same thing. There is no sucking force, you are just making vacuum over the top and water is being pushed up by atmospheric pressure. In fact, there is no such thing as sucking force. It’s this whole phenomena of atmospheric pressure pushing juice up the straw that we call sucking. So he is right here

@@karansandhu4827 Well there actually is such a thing as a sucking force; it's just not possible with gases because they have virtually no intermolecular forces (if it's an ideal gas), which means they can only push through collisions. However, liquids and solids have intermolecular forces that allow them to both push and pull. So you can suck on a liquid, and this can lead to *negative pressures.*

"suck" is a word that describes being pushed into a lower pressure environment by higher pressure outside that environment. It is just semantics. There is nothing wrong with using the word "suck" as long as you know what it actually means.

It's the same thing. It's a pressure difference. You're saying the pressure is higher at the bottom, he's saying it's lower at the top. As the top pressure is the one that is changing during the experiment, I'd say that is the more interesting one.

I officially ❤️ this comment

damn i haven't expected a jojo referece here, but they are always appreciated. Fuckin legend, part 6 is awesome too.

@@somerandomguy3298 I just started watching where I think it’s josuke traps the stand in bottle whichever season that is. Damn I love it lol

@@alejandrospeed6399 ahaha yeah thats part 4, i love that one

Water doesn't get hot, this is dropping the boiling temp(start vaporising) instead of rising the water temp itself.. water temp doesnt change

No

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