Continuous vs. Point-to-Point Running in Model Railroading

  Рет қаралды 31,064

N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision

N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision

4 жыл бұрын

For the past few weeks, I’ve been renovating the Evanston and Granger areas of my layout. Today, I’m setting aside that on-going renovation long enough to show you how I do both continuous running and point-to-point running on my layout.
My videos page - / @n-scaleunionpacificev...

Пікірлер: 107
@jimtedesco
@jimtedesco 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, you have a very detailed layout for running trains. And it's very well planned.
@tim_bbq1008
@tim_bbq1008 4 жыл бұрын
8:10 derailed lead car. Love this video, it explains the various operating routes of your layout and shows the thought you have put into the various aspects of your operations. Thanks for sharing. This is one of my favorites.
@JDsHouseofHobbies
@JDsHouseofHobbies 4 жыл бұрын
I was just scrolling the comments to see if anyone else noticed that. I'm glad it stayed upright!
@austinyingst5902
@austinyingst5902 4 жыл бұрын
It was enjoyable to see your layout. You have a keen eye for Wyoming scenery from your Panama vantage point. Thanks.
@deandanielson8074
@deandanielson8074 4 жыл бұрын
Yes, Roy, this was a lot of fun. I enjoyed seeing the familiar spots on your railroad and appreciated the smooth running of your diesels. The modified Evanston area looks great even in the early stages. Thanks!! - Dean from Minnesota
@kraigsickels3918
@kraigsickels3918 4 жыл бұрын
Roy , I think that it’s great that you incorporate options on your operations aspect of your layout! You built and designed it to accommodate your needs and others that visit..... 👍 . That is what the is all about .... fun for you and everyone else 😄 !!!
@dave3301
@dave3301 4 жыл бұрын
Again Roy great show, Thanks so much for sharing, interesting as always. Until next Saturday, have a awesome week.
@robtman9199
@robtman9199 4 жыл бұрын
Hello Roy, I just love to watch trains running on your layout, I like the variations of trains and operations you can have. The new track plan you added makes the continuous running just great. Echo Canyon is still my favorite location.
@CNW_GALENA_DIV.
@CNW_GALENA_DIV. 6 ай бұрын
Very well designed track plan Roy.
@pennsylvaniamodelrailroad
@pennsylvaniamodelrailroad 4 жыл бұрын
I like the aerial shots, it really shows another level of how good your scenery is.
@richroylance4630
@richroylance4630 4 жыл бұрын
There's something just so relaxing about watching trains.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
I agree, Rich. I could do it all day long. I've just got to remember to set aside the other work long enough to run trains sometimes. ...Roy
@pdrrengineer1404
@pdrrengineer1404 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks for providing this demonstration of how a well planned layout can offer a variety of ways we can operate our trains, different fun for different times. Art...
@dwightcarlson9331
@dwightcarlson9331 4 жыл бұрын
One of the Ten Commandments is "Thou shall NOT covet---" I'm guilty. I COVET thy layout. You are a gem to watch.. Many thanks Dwight
@ainsleyperry5192
@ainsleyperry5192 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, Nicely done. On top of all that you can use Green River as per the prototype and re-sort just as they do at G/R and then the trains go on in different directions. You have the yard shunter's working and also the mainline loco's stopped for crew changes and also doing some of their own shunting. I for one can't wait to see an episode showing all that and more." A day at Green River." Cheers, Chris Perry.
@flyboy2610
@flyboy2610 4 жыл бұрын
Very nice , Roy! You've given a lot of thought to your track plan and it shows!
@sparky107107
@sparky107107 4 жыл бұрын
very nice. always like seeing trains run, point to point or continuously.
@dougdilley8115
@dougdilley8115 4 жыл бұрын
Nice job Roy! This is now one of my favorite video's in your collection. Your track plan works well and your scenery is outstanding.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for your very nice comment, Doug. It's a pleasure to share the hobby with friends such as you. KZfaq Analytics tell me that is particular video is turning out to be far more popular than I could have ever imagined it would be. You inspire me to to bring you quality content to the best of my ability. ...Roy
@JoeyBPhotography
@JoeyBPhotography 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy! It made me realize how versatile your layout truly is, such a great setup! Great work, cant wait to see how you finish up the rest of your Evanston renovation, it'll add even more railroading fun to your layout!
@charlesdempsey176
@charlesdempsey176 4 жыл бұрын
Outstanding, love the layout and operational features.
@drewhyer588
@drewhyer588 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks for sharing how you run your layout. I'm looking forward to seeing how you're going to finish Evanston.
@TDHobbies
@TDHobbies 4 жыл бұрын
I'm getting back into the hobby after about 7 years. Moved from a small house to a larger one and want to build something with all DCC and have my brain going all over the place looking for some ideas, which brought me here. Thanks for the video, and I'm sure glad that "drone" didn't break down and crash into anything. LOL I also enjoyed looking at the helix, I was in need of that at my old house, but never built one.
@DruSteel69
@DruSteel69 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks you, Roy for your video. Very nice to know how trains run on your layout. So realistic. Take care. - Drew
@bob18fan29
@bob18fan29 4 жыл бұрын
Fun overflowing, thank you Roy.
@DustinsNScaleRailroad
@DustinsNScaleRailroad 4 жыл бұрын
Very nice information and tour of your layout. Thanks for sharing with us!
@mikeez39
@mikeez39 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy. Very informative. Looking forward to the next one!!!
@normanrowe2831
@normanrowe2831 4 жыл бұрын
Hi ya Roy! Now...that was not only informative, but fun and entertaining too! Thanks. I look forward to further updates. See ya Tuesday for Dispatch.
@SchuylkillRiverValley
@SchuylkillRiverValley 4 жыл бұрын
Very well-designed & versatile track plan Roy! It was a lot of fun, thanks for sharing. Best, John
@chazco
@chazco 4 жыл бұрын
Really good design for both point to point and continuous running. Thanks for this video
@hastingsbnsfnscalemodeler8594
@hastingsbnsfnscalemodeler8594 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks Roy, this video has given me some great ideas for planning my own layout.
@giulius7176
@giulius7176 4 жыл бұрын
Nice to have both options available........Well thought out.
@chuckmaddison2924
@chuckmaddison2924 Жыл бұрын
That's mighty long. Made me think of our Australian mine trains , i believe they have the record of a bit over 7 kilometres long. Normally about 2.5 kilometres. It's the point to point I'm interested in as will keep kids and wife happy.
@Longshadowsmodeltrees
@Longshadowsmodeltrees 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy, lot's of good action on your Layout. Bob
@johngrady3492
@johngrady3492 4 жыл бұрын
Always love seeing trains just running! Thanks for doing just that along with an education...looking forward to seeing what you have next week. Thanks, Roy! John
@mandbhomestead
@mandbhomestead 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, awesome video, love seeing trains run on your layout. You have many options for running ops sessions. Looking forward to the Evanston renovation. Thanks for sharing. Ken
@johne1653
@johne1653 4 жыл бұрын
Hello Roy You again have demonstrated such detail and reasoning. How neat your layout is functional. Thanks for sharing!
@Kettenhund31
@Kettenhund31 4 жыл бұрын
hanks for sharing your layout, Roy.
@the.porter.productions
@the.porter.productions 4 жыл бұрын
Quite enjoyable...good detail...thanks for some good tips.🤩
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
It's a pleasure to share the hobby with you, my friend. ...Roy
@RadINation
@RadINation 4 жыл бұрын
WOW, I would have never though to use the same staging yard as a point to point how you do. I'm going to have to steal this idea.
@christopherorourke6543
@christopherorourke6543 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy. You videos are very helpful in my own layout which I’m in the beginning stages. I already run both my Amtrak Coast Starlight & the Southern Pacific Morning Daylight as my excursion train. I will. Be visiting 3 model railroad displays today in Apache Junction & San Tan Valley,AZ today & next week I plan on visiting the Bremerton Northern model railroad club in Bremerton,WA where I will be spending Christmas & will visit the San Diego model railroad museum New Year’s Eve day.
@trainmanbob
@trainmanbob 4 жыл бұрын
Super explanatory video Roy. It shows that with good planning and imagination you can achieve marvellous layouts. Thanks for sharing. Cheers, Bob
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Bob. I appreciate your comment. A certain amount of planning needs to precede the actual construction of our layouts, but it's amazing just how often we modify our plans as we build and then operate our layouts. A plan is a guide, but we can expect to make changes in the plan as we go. ...Roy
@michaeldunn5280
@michaeldunn5280 4 жыл бұрын
Roy is at it again. Entertaining all of us with his great layout and this time he outdid himself. Trains running for the entire video. Hooray Christmas comes early for us watchers direct from Panama City. Thank you Roy for the early gift.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Michael, it was a delight to read your comment. I want you to know how much I appreciate it. You are very kind. It's a real pleasure to share the hobby with you. ...Roy
@davestrains6816
@davestrains6816 4 жыл бұрын
Very nice update Roy. When I am finished with my track plan, i will have something similar. I want to thank you for the shout out. I really appreciate it. Thanks for sharing. Dave
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
You are very welcome, Dave. The shout-out was well-deserved because you have a nice layout and channel. It hope it is bringing you lots of new subscribers. A very Merry Christmas and joyous holiday season to you. ...Roy
@HughCoxx
@HughCoxx 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome! Cheers from Saskatchewan! Merry X-Mas!
@arnold894
@arnold894 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, One of your best videos yet! You have made me think about the track plan of the layout I am building. I have two loop lines and one point to point line with a passing track for oncoming trains (so a total of two trains can be running on that line at the same time). I am going to evaluate further the possibility of modifying at least one of the loops to be able to do point to point with the aid of that line's staging. .
@MAYNE_line
@MAYNE_line 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome, gorgeous layout! Very good explanation on how you run your trains. I love the staging yard idea! We actually drove through a few of those places, Evanston and Pocatello in particular, on our way down to Bryce and Zion Canyons for our honeymoon this last September :)
@clivecobbold6815
@clivecobbold6815 4 жыл бұрын
Hi roy another great video mate your layout looks great to me I love it clive
@tanzj
@tanzj 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, Great explanation of how your layout works....John
@jvanamb
@jvanamb 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks Roy. This was a nice relief for the Christmas Holidays. Ya' ready for my critique. Or maybe just some future NON-PROTOTYPICAL track plan. Ready or not here it comes. On your Continuous Loop Plan you might consider and plan for a peninsula run. From Granger Jct. set the switch to Evenston. At Evenston set a track crossover from the away Track ( ?"2"? ) to the outer peninsula loop (? "1" ?) track. Through Echo Canyon. Exiting Echo Canyon install a Whyy crossing before the Helix entrance. The Whyy would divert the consist to the Pocatello Inner Track (? "1" ?) & allow the train to continue on the existing loop. This slight change maynot conform with the prototype, but will add a visual enjoyment to both inexperienced viewers as well as we foamers. Now with the revamped trackage and your JMRI switching, the system could be programmed to flip turnouts back and forth between the two track plans. First loop trains follow the current plan. Next loop the program flips the switches for the train to travel the peninsula run. And to make it even whacker, complex, & dangerous the JMRI could randomly throw switches, for loopers in either direction, to be stright through or peninsula run around. THAT WOULD BLOW YOUR MIND. Again thanks for the ride. SEE YA' DOWN THE LINE. Jim
@MMRails
@MMRails 4 жыл бұрын
Still waiting to see footage of your trip! :) Great video. Thanks for the tour.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Mark, I'm afraid we'll have to wait until my trip next spring for that footage. I had hoped to visit two clubs during my 12-day trip to Florida in November, but it just didn't work out in either case, much to my regret. I always like to hang out with model railroad friends during my trips. ...Roy
@HobbiesRfun
@HobbiesRfun 4 жыл бұрын
A 4014 excursion train would look really cool running on your layout. I saw the Big Boy twice when it was in Colton California, right before it made it's way to Cheyenne for restoration, and a second time during it's return visit to California, in October. I love all trains, but seeing an operational Big Boy locomotive in person is a unique, awe inspiring experience, that I'll never forget.
@garykcs5532
@garykcs5532 4 жыл бұрын
Great job Roy good Info
@TouchoftheBrushModelWeathering
@TouchoftheBrushModelWeathering 4 жыл бұрын
Excellent video Roy. I run my shortline point to point as it s a switching layout but I have a continuous loop for running my long trains and Class One operations as the switching portion is a fictional Class Three Operating Railroad. Keep it up! Joey
@kelleysimonds5945
@kelleysimonds5945 4 жыл бұрын
Very nice, thank you for sharing.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Kelley. It’s always a pleasure to share the hobby. ...Roy
@DonaldSimsProduction
@DonaldSimsProduction 4 жыл бұрын
Thank you for sharing.
@markarnold8160
@markarnold8160 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy. I'd love to see some of your other locomotives hauling stock on your layout.
@craiglordable
@craiglordable 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks Roy.
@gerdeguelle1967
@gerdeguelle1967 4 жыл бұрын
Very very Nice layout
@ThePaulv12
@ThePaulv12 4 жыл бұрын
Finally! I've been so patient. Good things come to those that wait my old grandmother used to say. Got to see revenue trains on your layout in 'anger' so to speak.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Yep, some trains running at long last. I need to remember to do that more often. ...Roy
@stevearnold2304
@stevearnold2304 4 жыл бұрын
Your the man Roy 👍
@dacuzzz
@dacuzzz 4 жыл бұрын
awesome video Roy...thx for sharing... vinny
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Vinny, It's always a pleasure to share the hobby with you. ...Roy
@jolliemark6294
@jolliemark6294 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks Roy, nice too see you run trains sometimes, just a hint, I think when you are flying drones they are limited to 400 feet, just kidding....thanks for sharing....Jack 😉
@ronaldmorritt4100
@ronaldmorritt4100 4 жыл бұрын
Hi Roy even though your layout has no simularity to my layout in the UK I feel I can still learn something. Cheers Ron @Willenhall Parkway, Coventry,West Midlands, UK. Happy Xmas..
@donsmith7979
@donsmith7979 4 жыл бұрын
Thank again Roy.🚂🚂👍👍👍👍👍🚂🚂👍👍👍👍🚂
@mrbillmacneill
@mrbillmacneill 4 жыл бұрын
I found this to be very relaxing. The brief look at echo canyon I saw today seems to have a bit more of a finished look as well , than the last time I was looking at it. I haven't been keeping up with the vids eh? so I reckon I will have a quick review of your vids and see whats what..
@newfenrisrailroad621
@newfenrisrailroad621 4 жыл бұрын
Hey Roy nice video of your layout. Want to say that my layout is a continuous loop that is two separate layouts that can be made into one big layout
@davidztog9011
@davidztog9011 4 жыл бұрын
Nice video Roy. How many levels does the helix have to get from one level to the other? I really like the leading lines on the side streets in Green River, they really add depth to the layout as the train passes through. I see you have the heritage unit Spirit of the Union Pacific/Support our Troops. Having served in the Navy, I appreciate the effort put into that paint scheme - very nice! I plan on adding it to my collection as well. Thanks for the demonstration/explanation. 🎄🎄🎄
@cymrych79
@cymrych79 4 жыл бұрын
Very nice Roy, as always! I've found the continuous run is great for brief visitors, and also for myself while working on scenery, lighting, etc. I couldn't quite tell with my phone's small screen, but do you have a method for two trains to run continuously at the same time?
@patrickhawes5007
@patrickhawes5007 4 жыл бұрын
Great video Roy. I always seam to learn something new from them. On the second point to point train, what kind of box cars are those in the first and third position behind the locomotives? I’m going to take the holidays off from working on my layout as progress is slow and I think the layout crew needs a break. Until the next video, cheers and Happy Christmas! Patrick
@alcopower5710
@alcopower5710 4 жыл бұрын
Awesome video. I’m new to your channel and have a question. Is that Kato unitrack you are using?
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Yes, it is, and I love it. ...Roy
@anthonymcmillan5881
@anthonymcmillan5881 2 жыл бұрын
Great layout. Being for the midwest it was nice to see the Desert style. Do you do local runs yet!
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 2 жыл бұрын
Thanks, Anthony. Back in the 1980s, I created a layout set in central Pennsylvania where I grew up. But I've always been fascinated by the deserts and semi-arid areas of the American West. That's why I chose to model such an area in creating this layout. ...Roy
@dmaxsba
@dmaxsba 4 жыл бұрын
Maybe you have addressed this question before and I have not caught up to it yet going through your older videos but I am wondering something. Given your space limitations and your desire to run 2 or more locomotives per train why did you choose to model the modern era? If one modern locomotive takes the place of 2-3 units from just 20-30 years ago I would have figured you would be a fan of the 70's-2000"s time frame. Just curious, thanks for the videos and your time.
@72deanpaz
@72deanpaz 4 жыл бұрын
How long a train can you run on the helix before derailing? What's the diameter? Thanks!
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks for your comment, Dean. The diameter of the helix is 36 inches. ...Roy
@72deanpaz
@72deanpaz 4 жыл бұрын
@@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 Wow, bigger than I thought! I've got a loop at the end of a 2 percent grade and I have to use a pusher loco on 40+ car trains to avoid catastrophic derailments off the bridge. Love your layout - Great job!
@JPF941
@JPF941 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, being in the climate you are, does using the Kato Unitrak eliminate the expansion and contraction issues with your benchwork?
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Thanks for your comment, my friend. I think you make an excellent point. Since there are less fluctuations in temperatures here in Panama, expansion and contraction seems to be less of a problem. But there are other issues here that can affect the layout, issues such as humidity and termites. ...Roy
@4gauge10
@4gauge10 4 жыл бұрын
We never got to see the Kadee uncoupler system in action of uncoupling the train.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Kadee couplers are for HO scale. My N-scale rolling stock has Micro-Trains and Kato couplers. I use a Rix Pick to unouple them manually. I don’t use magnetic uncouplers.
@4gauge10
@4gauge10 4 жыл бұрын
@@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 Hmmm.I use Kadee"N"scale couplers and magnetic uncouplers between the rails in my yards and secondary sidings.They work every bit as well in"N"scale as"HO"scale..
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
Unless I’m mistaken, “Kadee N-scale” is Micro-Trains.
@4gauge10
@4gauge10 4 жыл бұрын
@@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 Ok,they merged.I didn't know that,because I have many packs of coupler kits and there isn't anything on them except,built by Kadee Corp.
@davidwestwater1914
@davidwestwater1914 4 жыл бұрын
Your trains run so slow are you doing this to be realistic or is that just n scale? What am I missine?
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
David, I prefer to run my trains at prototyical speeds as determined by using an Accutrack speedometer. I think we tend to run our trains too fast around our layouts, making them look toy-like. ...Roy
@davidwestwater1914
@davidwestwater1914 4 жыл бұрын
@@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 thanks alot I want to build a layout like my deceased brother had when I was a kid. I understand what your saying but I gues I am childish. I'd build a volcano on the layout like the one in the Brady bunch if I knew how.lol great show you got!
@Yyyyyy5
@Yyyyyy5 3 жыл бұрын
@@davidwestwater1914 your question is a good one I think. I notice people who run N scale like Roy or HO scale run their trains at scale speed. Then you go to a museum or hobby shop where they run bigger trains like O scale or S scale they run them really fast beyond scale speed and often wondered why.
@bloba4443
@bloba4443 3 жыл бұрын
It looks slow but that’s probably 50 mph scale speed
@4gauge10
@4gauge10 4 жыл бұрын
At 8:09 you have a DERAILED⚠ center-flow car behind the number 2 engine⚠.
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
I saw that after uploading the video to KZfaq. I didn’t like it , but I also didn’t want to have to take the video down just to re-film or edit that tiny part of it. No catastrophic derailment of the train occurred as a result of it, and the problem fixed itself as the car went through a re-railer that I have on both tracks at the bottom of the helix.
@4gauge10
@4gauge10 4 жыл бұрын
@@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 Very good,I would have done the same thing.😎👍
@TheHjkane
@TheHjkane 4 жыл бұрын
Roy, just curious, why do you have a covered hopper on both ends of your tank card unit train?
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569
@n-scaleunionpacificevansto6569 4 жыл бұрын
They are buffer cars filled with sand or other inert material. Railroads use them to separate tank cars containing explosive or flammable materials from the crew in case of a railroad accident. I uploaded a video about buffer cars some time back. Here’s the link: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/pdhorJV0tdvdg4E.html ...Roy
@donaldthroenle2513
@donaldthroenle2513 4 жыл бұрын
Im sure its for a buffer.So the tanks are not next to the power.
How I Built My Model Railroad
14:37
N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision
Рет қаралды 12 М.
Why I Don't Like Helixes
11:47
N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision
Рет қаралды 344 М.
Beautiful gymnastics 😍☺️
00:15
Lexa_Merin
Рет қаралды 15 МЛН
Зачем он туда залез?
00:25
Vlad Samokatchik
Рет қаралды 3,2 МЛН
Making Track Plan Changes on My N-Scale Model Railroad
9:25
N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision
Рет қаралды 6 М.
MODEL RAILROAD TRACK PLAN VIDEO!    THIS WILL HELP YOU!
13:16
djstrains
Рет қаралды 153 М.
N SCALE HELIX BUILD: Unboxing laser-cut N scale helix kit
14:14
BNSF Chicago Sub in N Scale
Рет қаралды 8 М.
What N Scale Track Should YOU Use?
12:57
Steve's Trains
Рет қаралды 95 М.
My N-Scale Model Railroad
9:06
N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision
Рет қаралды 10 М.
Point to Point Operations on the Thunder Mesa Mining Company
11:17
ThunderMesaStudio
Рет қаралды 30 М.
What Are Buffer Cars in Model Railroading?
8:01
N-Scale Union Pacific Evanston Subdivision
Рет қаралды 58 М.
Chandwell N Gauge layout track plan
6:01
Chandwell
Рет қаралды 11 М.
N scale layout update, the extension is back in action and running well.
10:38
HO Scale or N Scale?  How to Decide Between the two.
11:36
DIY and Digital Railroad
Рет қаралды 55 М.