Italian Wars 4/10 - The Battle of Cerignola 1503 & The Battle of Garigliano

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The second phase of the Italian Wars was the birthing event of early modern warfare. After Louis XII cane to the French throne he used the chaos of the Pisan-Florentine war to move into Milan and oust Ludovico Sforza. Not being content with Milan, he signed the Treaty of Granada dividing Naples between France and Spain. A conflict over a disputed territory soon escalated into war. Headed by Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, the Spanish defeated the French in the bloody Battle of Cerignola. Cordoba organized his pikemen and musketeers into colunellas, forerunners to the later tercios, thus inventing true pike and shot tactics. After his victory at Cerignola, Cordoba pursued the French, ultimately defeating them at the Battle of Garigliano, thus securing the Kingdom of Naples for Spain.
The Italian Wars was a series of conflicts that raged between 1494 and 1559 between the two major European powers, the Habsburgs who ruled the Holy Roman Empire and later Spain, and the Valois kings of France. At the height of the conflict the war involved Tudor England, the Ottoman Empire, Hungary, and all of Italy either as passive or active participants.
In terms of military tactics and strategy the Italian Wars saw the greatest innovations since the Roman Empire. Artillery finally came of age during the war prompting radical changes in terms of fortifications and battlefield tactics. Swiss pikemen, Landsknechts, and Spanish musketeers were amalgamated into a new type of standardized European infantry, the pike and shot formation. Cavalry although diminished in numbers, retained its place on the battlefield, being differentiated into heavy cavalry (men at arms), light cavalry and dragoons. In terms of strategy frontal medieval charges were replaced by careful maneuvering, the use of natural or man-made obstacles, and a keen attention to logistics. Commanders no longer fought in the front lines, but rather became managers of their armies. Politically the war shaped and reshaped the destinies of European countries for centuries to come.
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Potter, D (2008). Renaissance France at War
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Taylor, F L (1921). The Art of War in Italy 1494-1529
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Turnbull, S (2006). The Art of Renaissance Warfare
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Arnold, T (2001). The Renaissance at War
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Hall, B S (1997). Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe
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Koenigsberg, H G (1968). Europe in the Sixteenth Century
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Guicciardini, F (1561). The History of Italy
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Mallet, M (1974). Mercenaries and Their Masters
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Janin, H (2013). Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe
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Murphy, D (2007). Condottiere 1300-1500
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Lopez, I (2012). The Spanish Tercios 1536-1704
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0:00 French Claim to Milan
1:40 Invasion of Milan
2:24 Invasion of Naples
3:19 War!
4:33 Cerignola
9:05 Garigliano
10:40 Peace
#ItalianWars #ItalianHistory #BattleOfCerignola

Пікірлер: 68

@paolostival6972 5 жыл бұрын

Man i love your videos but saying that the campaign of the Grand Captain started for "A flock of sheep" it's true but misleading. They were hundreds of Thousands of sheep, precisely all the sheeps of the plains of Apulia and Basilicata which had to do the transhumance every year, which means they spent the winter in the plains down in Apulia and the summer in the hills of Abruzzo. To make this route they had to pass from the town of Foggia in which there was the "Boundary of the Sheep" that was an institution founded by Alfonso of Aragon to tax the sheperds and it collected tens of thousands of florins (that were gold coins) in said taxes every year, which was something like the revenue of a major fiefdom in countries like France or England. The region of Foggia and of the sheep boundary was called Capitanata in those years and it was the one which was left out of thee treaty of Granada.

@pikeshotBattles 5 жыл бұрын

Sir, that is a perfect summary of the problem! If I had made a one hour documentary I would have definitely elaborated in the same fashion. :)

@vinm300 5 жыл бұрын

@@pikeshotBattles , I'd also like to say what a terrific video it is. And to continue paolo's point about sheep : in Spain the Merino sheep (introduced by the Moors in C13th ) were the backbone of the economy ; Philip II decreed that any land that had ever been grazed couldn't be ploughed : which contributed to Spain's endemic inability to feed itself. (I've made a video on it but it's not as polished as yours kzfaq.info/get/bejne/d8poespomKfShac.html )

@MM22966 3 жыл бұрын

Up hill, check. Fortified position, check. Dug-in pike and gun units, both excellent against Calvary, check. No recon. No supporting artillery or missile troops to shoot you onto the objective. No supporting infantry attack. No attempt at flanking movement, just straight onto the objective. Just fork your horse, shout "allons-y", and slam face-first into the enemy line. What a great day to be French!!!!

@scottleary8468 5 жыл бұрын

Gonzalo de Cordoba, "El Gran Capitan." He invented "pike and shot" tactics and the reputation of "invincibility" for the Spanish infantry which began at Cerignola in 1503 ended with honor at Rocroi in 1643!

@albertomanchadoparra4657 3 жыл бұрын

I know this comment is quite old, nevertheless, if I may, I would like to do a small comment to your argument. It is of common belief that Rocroi was the end of the "Tercios" -or Spanish infantry as you said-. However, in my opinion and also in the opinion of more specialized poeple, Rocroi was not a decisive defeat for spaniards, it was more a key victory for French, as they stopped a very successful campaign that was close to threat Paris and therefore, France. Spain still domain the battlefields for fifty years more after that. In any case, it is true that by the late years of the Thirty Years War, the "Tercios" way of fighting was, as the heavy knights of France in the Italian Wars, obsolete, and the pikes were left behind in the following century. But that was not thanks to the French, but to the Swedish and his king, Gustavus Adolphus, who, as Gonzalo de Cordoba, was a battlefield genius. He was the one who doubled the musketiers in detriment of the pikemen. And that was probably the key for the ending of the "pike and shot" tactics. I discovered today this channel and I hope to see the 30 Years War in it, because it is probably, along the Italian Wars, the major conflict of early modern times (1450-1700).

@scottleary8468 3 жыл бұрын

@@albertomanchadoparra4657 You misunderstood my comment. It was Rocroi that ended the reputation of "invincibility" of the Spanish Tercios. Not that the Tercio's manner of fighting ended at Rocroi. The battle of Breitenfield (1631) was where "linear" tactics was born and the Spanish Tercios survived until 1704. Plus the Spanish Tercios were becoming more "linear" (using more shallow ranks and smaller pike blocks) before Rocroi.

@albertomanchadoparra4657 3 жыл бұрын

@@scottleary8468 I apologize then, as indeed I misunderstood your former comment. And I agree with the other mentioned facts.

@r32guy85 3 жыл бұрын

@@scottleary8468 it didn't really end the repuation of the invincibilitty, it did however show that they could be defeated because of bad decisions.

@scottleary8468 3 жыл бұрын

@@r32guy85 Invincibility = the quality of being too powerful to be defeated You are contradicting yourself: saying that the reputation of invincibility of the Tercios didn't end and then saying that they could be defeated. Logically absurd.

@madshagen5849 3 жыл бұрын

I saw the statue of El gran Capitán en Cordoba 2 years ago. I only found out a little bit later what groundbreaking kind of guy he actually was.

@davidwilson123able 5 жыл бұрын

El gran capitan one of the greatest generals in history.

@user-py5gc5dn7t 5 жыл бұрын

Finally somebody is doing the Italian wars in detail. I see that you haven’t uploaded in some time.Don’t give up, it’s never easy at the start but your hard work will give results very soon.

@alphagamer9505 4 жыл бұрын

the spanish general is a badass

@gotbaka3 2 жыл бұрын

Fantastic! I love your little unit cards and the painted portraits. Your channel is quickly becoming one of my favorites for historical battles

@lollllfol 6 жыл бұрын

This channel deserves a lot more attention, can’t wait to see more content from you! Though when you get to pavia I’m gonna be salty since I love the French knights.

@pikeshotBattles 6 жыл бұрын

Thx. There are still some French victories before we get to Pavia.

@ryanlieb3958 5 жыл бұрын

lucky the French won the war (it ended in the 1540s in burgundy)

@adrianozampolini5686 4 жыл бұрын

French knights are the best man!!!

@itarry4 3 жыл бұрын

Just don't let them see a English longbow man...

@lollllfol 3 жыл бұрын

@@itarry4 pavia was more than 70 years after french knights swept english longbowmen into the dustbin of history, I wouldnt worry about that

@akioji8551 6 жыл бұрын

I was looking for a video on this battle and my favourite general. Thank you for making this. You earned a subscriber.

@pikeshotBattles 6 жыл бұрын

My pleasure! You will enjoy the rest of the series.

@itarry4 3 жыл бұрын

Ahh the war between Pisa and Florence was amazing you went over it really fast Sir John Hawkwood and The White Company were the ultimate in mercenary units doing just enough and using intelligence to get paid very well. Really interesting story.

@unfairadvantagefilms 5 жыл бұрын

Man this is amazing. You need way more subs. I'm telling my friends!

10 ай бұрын

Excellent video, it is the first time that I see that someone gives the recognition that Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba "El Gran Capitan" deserves in history as the true Father of Modern Warfare, a title that should be shared with the Catholic Monarchs, who were the ones in charge of Modernizing the Spanish army before Gonzalo gave them a tactical identity and began the Spanish tradition of dominating the battlefields with superiority in firearms (such as the harquebus and the musket) for almost an entire century, until the other kingdoms equaled Spain in firearms by the 17th century. Unlike Kings & Generals, you made a more accurate representation of the battles of Ceriñola and Garellano, two examples of the military genius he was, especially in the coordinated attack he carried out with his professional troops, formed in Coronelias during the crossing of the Garellano River in the night, all in the middle of winter and taking advantage of the little caution that the French had after celebrating Christmas (something uncommon at the time, but it would be common in later centuries). As a contribution to the video, I leave the following information: the Coronelias were composed of 6000 soldiers (divided into companies, giving a proportion of 2:2:1, the first two being pikemen and harquebusiers, with only one of rodeleros). In the Battle of Ceriñola, the Spanish forces in front had 800 harquebusiers divided into 4 formations of 200 harquebusiers entrenched behind a ditch and the vineyards (as shown in the video), behind them they had 4,000 Spanish infantry and 1,500 lansquenets, while on the flanks they had 300 heavy cavalry on the right, while on the left they had another 300 knights and 800 light cavalry; the French, on the other hand, had 7,000 pikemen (mostly Swiss), twice as many artillery, and 1,200 heavy cavalry. In the Battle of Garellano, the French forces that outnumbered the Spanish (23,000 vs 15,000), which explains why they were overconfident and did not prepare enough for the attack that Gonzalo carried out.

@pascualeb 5 жыл бұрын

Awesome video

@Cherb123456 4 жыл бұрын

Fantastic! Thank you!

@user-jv3mm6vt6e 5 жыл бұрын

When your channel gets so big, will you remember us?

@lieberte 5 жыл бұрын

wow this channel is so well done. You truly deserve more subs my man. Try posting on reddit or something

@egillskallagrimson5879 Жыл бұрын

About the first use of mines to blow up sections of fortresses, correct if I am wrong but there were other instances. The one that actually comes to my mind is the siege of Malaga where gunpowder were use in mines to blow up a tower over the bridge gate making an opening and deciding the fate of the siege in 1487.

@manooxi327 3 жыл бұрын

Pope Alexander VI; Cesare Borgia; the Medici family; Machiavelli Ezio Auditore and AC2 ;)

@ak9989 4 жыл бұрын

Gonzolo de Cordoba, El Gran Capitan!

@francescotrippella7266 3 жыл бұрын

I see you put the Arpeggiata by Anathasius Kircher 😍💪🏻! You’re a genius and a great connoisseur of the baroque guitar music 🎶!!!!

@garybrown2039 3 жыл бұрын

2:36 and that right there is why I looked up these wars.

@craigmulcahy 5 жыл бұрын

This is great! I just started playing through this battle in the Men Of Iron - Arquebus game. Very interesting and I came across these videos at just the right time. Can't wait to see some more content! Thank you! Keep up the fantastic work.

@Pepperpotk 3 жыл бұрын

Amazing videos! just make sure that sound fx don't overlap with the narration, some words are hard to understand because there are sounds on top of them For example 8:35

@lukalisjak2106 5 жыл бұрын

Btw, common mistake on historical map, but Venice's borders on the Eastern Mediterranean are from the treaty of Possarowitz to Napoleon (in the 15th & 16th century, the Serenissima only controlled the islanda and a very narrow strip of land in Dalmatia, all the interior was either under Croatia-Hungary, or - south of Split - under the Ottomans).

@jdekkers3262 5 жыл бұрын

Nice videos, I subbed! Given the name of this channel, will you also cover the 80 and 30 years war?

@homeropalacios9937 4 жыл бұрын

Muy buen video, resumido y explicado con toques de humor. Sólo que en los comentarios finales, el nombrar a Hernán Cortés junto a Napoleón, el Duque de Alba o el Gran Capitán es totalmente desatinado, ojalá y corrigan ese detalle. Recuerden que Hernán Cortés jamás enfrentó una batalla contra un ejército organizado, tal vez como única podría ser en la expedición contra Argel, aunque no tenía ningún cargo importante ni trascendió en lo más mínimo.

@JoseSantos-bm5zp 4 жыл бұрын

What's up with the jazzy bass in the back ground lol

@JayzsMr 4 жыл бұрын

Watch the TV series 'Borgia' which is about this time period and covers the conflict in a very entertaining and quite accurate manner, it's on Netflix. Not to be confused with the American series 'The Borgias' which is just a boring melodrama with nor historical accuracy whatsoever

@jackhanham87 4 жыл бұрын

Good video. However, I would love to see better animation. Also, isn't The battle that proved gunpowder would soon rule the battlefield?

@caniblmolstr4503 3 жыл бұрын

That last one minute should be shown to the developers of aoe3

@youngarchivest9092 3 жыл бұрын

Song at the end: tarantella napoletana tono hypodorico

@andersschmich8600 5 жыл бұрын

Out of curiosity, what sources did you use for this? The Italian wars are fascinating but I actually have had a hard time finding a lot of sources.

@TitusCastiglione1503 4 жыл бұрын

The book “The Italian Wars: 1494-1559,” by Michael Mallet and Christine Shaw is probably the most detailed history I know of. “The Art of War in Italy: 1494-1529,” by F.L. Taylor is also good but pretty old now, so take it with a grain of salt.

@andersschmich8600 4 жыл бұрын

@@TitusCastiglione1503 Thanks, I've read the The Italian Wars: 1494-1559" as well as "Mercenaries and their Masters". I'll look into The Art of War in Italy.

@prof.yurivaldesalvarezarza3998 2 жыл бұрын

+Anders Schmich Fra Paolo Sarpi Istoria del Concilio Tridetino and Francesco Guicciardini Storia d'Italia are contemporary first hand accounts done by Italians including Machiavelli. Charles Oman A History of the Art of War in the Sixteenth Century is available online just like all those Osprey books covering this time period

@almirante_kiko 4 жыл бұрын

Yes The Pope Has a Son!!

@lukalisjak2106 5 жыл бұрын

I can't figure out your accent :) Is it Hungarian?

@gabrieleoppi3393 2 жыл бұрын

Am I watching a Total War video?

@jamesrussler7797 3 жыл бұрын

So el Gran Capitan Cordoba basically used the same strategy in the 1500s to defeat the French that the Duke of Wellington used 300 years later to defeat the French under Napoleon: strong defensive positions using massed concentrated gunfire to destroy the advancing French formations, daring the French to walk right into the meat grinder, and they fell for the trap just like Napoleon. And the French ran out of troops before their enemy ran out of bullets. I wonder if Wellington studied Cordoba's tactics.

@pikeshotBattles 3 жыл бұрын

Yes, apparently Gustavus and Napoleon didn't invent everything....

@grimreaper492 3 жыл бұрын

Hmm but the gunfire by itself wasn't enough to repulse the cavalry charge, they needed landsknechts, and they needed landsknechts against the swiss formations, so it doesn't seem you can reduce victory to simply gunfire.

@scottleary8468 2 жыл бұрын

Lee used a similar strategy at Fredericksburg in 1862. Perhaps Gonzalo de Cordoba, Arthur Wellesley, and Robert E. Lee all three said "These positions are sound. The rest is in God's hands."