+Cody'sLab great point, the astronauts are often ham radio geeks, you can talk to them when they're overhead

Cody's Lab watches Fraser as well!! That's awesome, you guys make learning new things fun :)

In fact, we're scheming on a collaboration or two. :-)

Hack what? Crash the laptops/tablets they use to skype, watch pirated movies and youtube on??? I guess that is the most you could do... and likely there is at least one geek up there with copies of windows/linux/macos/android on cd/dvd/usbs and drivers for each and every computer up there, that would solve the problem in few hours, on most relatively new comps you can disable bios flash in bios, which should(???) prevent hacker corrupting bios from within running OS, while ground control would have to solve much bigger problem, since they let the hacker/malware get through first... I guess messing up firmware of ethernet/WiFi routers/switches would be a nasty one, requiring most of running...floating? around with one laptop you managed to get online and firmwares beamed up from Earth, sticking wires stripped by teeth into serial port on laptop and on ethernet switch, since you do not have the original connecting cable up there... ;-) Hah i just checked, it is pins, not holes on old serial on computer side... MOFO to get connection without some proper cables...

Right, great point. You can't get those secondary elements until the supernova created the first elements that then decayed. It really baffles the mind when you consider the series of events that happened to put a piece of gold in your hand.

Tehom Wait. Does that mean new elements would be created if the products of two supernovas went through a third supernova. Obviously if so we can't test that yet. But is that possible or do we know something that prevents that from working

Jared Something about the way you asked it makes me wonder if you are talking about elements that don't naturally occur on Earth, like elements past uranium. So I'm going to break this into two answers. First, would we see heavy trans-uranic elements on Earth if we had gone thru three supernovas, not just two? No, because they all decay too fast. Even elements in the so-called "stable island" are likely to have half-lives on the order of days at best. It's plausible they are made in supernovas, even the first time around, but they just decay so fast that they're all gone by now. Second question, could we in principle tell whether we had been thru 3 supernovas, by what isotopes we see in nature? Yes, in principle. I don't know which isotopes, if any, are good candidates for that. They'd have to be stable or long-lived isotopes that only occur on very specific isotope chains.

Interestingly, there is a star that has trans-uranic elements in its corona, and no one is really sure how they got there.

Yes, John Michael Godier did a video about that star. That is an odd one.

Thanks a lot!

Great, glad that helped!

Fraser Cain would you take the leap to another planet with water not knowing what lies beneith. Would you take the risk if you could.

Related question, that I have never understood about the binding energies of lighter elements: what's up with Lithium? Li7 can actually produce energy from fission, and takes energy to fuse. If you look at the graph of binding energies, it stands out like a sore thumb. How was this not a major hurdle towards higher-weight elements?

Fredrik Jensen He missed the main point. As fusion occurs in the star ashes form as the elements fuse. Hydrogen is the primer, and that makes mostly Helium because it starts at the lowest temperature. As there is so much of it chance collisions can make heavier elements, these mostly fall to the center. As we use up hydrogen (never all of it), the fusion shell around the stars center gets bigger, and so to burn more the temperature increases (the stars internal collapse generates this increase), allowing Helium to fuse into heavier elements. Once this starts the process accelerates for each new element fusion shell. But it is not this simple as for the other elements must be built up from scratch, with hydrogen>helium>lithium>etc to all the others with atomic weights less than Iron. This Proton + Proton reaction proceeds up the periodic table and the temperature also increases rapidly and the star now expands dramatically into its Red Giant stage - where it is making Iron ashes - and that element falls in to the stars center. Here's the main point: If the star still has enough lighter elements it can keep fusion going on, but Iron is the goal for all elements as it is STABLE, it has the most desired state for matter to exist in. (or so I heard a scientist say) It is the only reason fusion into higher elements is possible because they are all trying to be Iron and are happy to give up energy doing so. When that fails, when there is no more fusion possible to prevent the stars collapse, temperatures go up sky high and the outer layers fall in. The starts center OTOH detonates outward as pressures get astronomical. These two meet and we get a supernova (from the infall of material slaming into the outward explosion), this release of the stars total gravity potential energy is sufficient to convert some of the Iron into the other heavier elements...write up to and pass the exotic ones we can make in a nuclear reactor like Plutonium. There is a theory that some supernovae are more powerful and could make super-heavy elements that could be stable - Fraser?

Younes Sofri But the frame rate of the CGI forest needs improvement.

Its a real forest, just green screened.

And now we're up to 4K. Simulating the forest in 4K has been so much more difficult.

That's true, it all depends on the speed you're traveling.

Hi Jonathan, can you send me a message over on Patreon? Maybe you didn't actually choose the right tier so we don't see you in the list that we download.

Fraser Cain I only donate 1$, so yes, I'm not on the right tier. Though I wish I could donate more to you and other amazing channels. You've taught me alot basically for free, and I love your content. Don't you stop making it!

I really appreciate even the $1 donation, that makes a huge difference. :-)

Sure, but if there are individuals within that empire, there'd always be a single rogue Captain Kirk who wants to break the Prime Directive.

and even if one might have failed, earth was here for billions of years with its atmosphere containing oxygen and methane for a long time and it's watery surface. So one should have succeeded by now...

Théodore Sarno unless time is somehow slower for those beings

Kurt Reber If it were slower to them then it would mean that they are moving faster. And for it to be a difference of any appreciable matter then the beings would have to be moving ALOT faster. This doesn't seem likely given evolution. A being develops characteristics based on how it benefits them. A creature that inherently is faster requires quite a bit more energy on a regular basis to function.

Assuming they are using slower than light travel then it wouldn't exactly something someone would casually do on a weekend. And may I point out that throughout the majority of both human history and that of life on earth if aliens turned up and had a look around with trying to colonies the place we would have no way of knowing. Especially if they came to an area where they kept few written records.

Sometimes I can find the reference point and I'll use one of those cards.

Mostly proven since the 70s and yet still never actually proven where other methods have been created and proven since then. I think there's a reason thorium reactor's haven't advanced.

Why are we so focused on building faster computers, when the slide rule works perfectly?

And what reason would that be? Axcept for established light water lobby and stupid legislation in the US? Even if there is something wrong with thorium breader, you could still build a molten salt burner fueld with uranium that would run circles around this light water crap we are still building and you could fuel it with the waste that is curently pillng up.

Yea but molten salt breader is way better than the light water reactors we build. It's like 2 orders of magnitude more efficent, doesn;t produce waste, you don;t need to refine uranium and thanks to low operating pressure it's safe. It also operates in hight temps so you can use it for other purposes like amonia production, desalanization and would be great for nuclear thermal rockets. We could even scrub CO2 from the atmosphere and make diesel from it. Fusion is great but efficent fission would easlly fill the gap betwen now and when fussion is widely available, and that would be like 50 ears at least.

This would be an interesting topic.

Eventually, I'm sure we will. :-) we did an episode on a mission that might make the trip to Alpha Centauri - kzfaq.info/get/bejne/aayHlqilvc2vYps.html

ECO LIGHT Are you kidding? Despite zero evidence of life being anywhere else in the universe ( in fact, the evidence we do have implies it to be preposterously unlikely, statistically equal to zero) people are OBSESSED with it. Cults would form and people would worship the superfish of greatness.

Jesse Back - people will ask the fish what is the meaning of life

It would not blow over, it would be the biggest discovery man ever made. But human life would be pretty much the same, business as usual. I mean, would you stop going to work if we found alien life?

ECO LIGHT Jesse may be right about cults and such, but truly, if us being the *only* living things in the entire universe (as the only hard _evidence_ we currently have indicates, regardless of the _probability_ of it being true) doesn't make us stop killing each other and destroying our planet, then why would having the knowledge that even if we destroyed all life on earth, life would still go on in the universe change us? Would it be the single greatest discovery in the history of mankind? Of course. Would NASA immediately get more funding to go study it? Probably. Would it trend on Facebook and Twitter, have a million articles written about it, be on the cover of every magazine, and give thousands of documentary producers guaranteed work for the next decade? Sure.... But at the end of the day, the day after the announcement is made, people will get up and go to work- just like they did the day before. It may change the internal perspective of great thinkers the world over, but most of them already believe it's out there anyway. Unfortunately, I wouldn't count on it changing the bad parts of what makes us "human" at all.

A better question is would we call these life forms *EUROPEANS*??

Wait... when? What timecode?

Well, exactly, all it takes is one crazy alien to reveal the truth of the galactic federation.

Leon Haven plenty of water and sunscreen,you'd get pretty thirsty and sunburnt without em.

Leon Haven - take an umbrella, it is raining

A tank of breathable air.

i would use SPF 10 trillion sunscreen, and lots of it.

Bring a blimp so you can float high in Venus's atmosphere where the pressure and temperatures aren't lethal.

Hah, absolutely. Of course, you'd need a very powerful telescope. Actually, I'm surprised nobody has ever done that. This sounds like it would be a great episode.

Cai Howson if you had the capacity, distance no longer probably has any meaning. So trying to do that would be purely for the fun of it.

That, or the civilization that's doing it could consider themselves the guardians of the Universe, and be doing such a thing so that they can bring the universe together and keep it together, and make it much, much easier for future civilizations to expand out and even meet each other.

Cai Howson Probably not.

The concept of a singularity isn't actually accurate. Here's a video I did on this: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/rphxZ9yKytvWd58.html&list=PLbJ42wpShvml6Eg22WjWAR-6QUufHFh2v&index=88

@Alien of Sol 3 I understand that. My meaning behind the question wasn't if one. but say, many were released. Also, not in thinking that it would actually reverse the movement of the universe but it would have an effect on a smaller scale. So my question is what would that effect be? Finally my interpretation of this video type is to ask him a question and have him expand upon it with his own ideas of the subject. So though I know the idea isn't perfect, I asked the question because I wanted to know his thoughts on the answer, even if I generally already know what it is. I feel, much like anyone else who asks him a question for these videos.

There's also the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, not sure how it can redshift light though if it's possible at all...

I call this "Dark Lensing" and I personally believe it does exist. An analogy I use is a cars side mirror, but the opposite. Things in our universe are much closer (across voids) then they appear. ;O)-

If your idea turns out to be true, then things might get exciting very fast 0.0

A lot of numbers will have to be re-crunched, for sure. ;O)-

Only if you believe.

Here's a video we did about it: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/qZOAZKWdrprOcas.html

That's a really interesting idea, actually, I think there are two techniques you're pushing together here. One is that you could see the light echoes from photons emitted by Earth. They could orbit around a black hole and then return to our telescopes. We'd see photons that left the Earth for however long the journey takes. Say, 50,000 years for a trip around the central black hole. Reflected gravitational waves are still totally theoretical, but you could do the same thing. See the movements of things that happened in the past by how the gravitational waves reflect back. Really great idea, but it would take capabilities we can scarcely comprehend.

In theory yes, we should be able to detect the presence of continents by the way the light from the planets change over various orbits. But, that's still a long way off. :-)

It happens so quickly. It goes in the chain of elements in moments, compared to thousands of years for the lighter elements. They still can't give an accurate estimate. We know Betelgeuse is going to explode some time in the next 100,000 years or so.

Cool, thanks. I wasn't aware that those last few few elements fuse so quickly.

Maybe? But what about their exploration robots? kzfaq.info/get/bejne/rK59fNmQ36fGooE.html

Yeah, Im sure they would not mind that everyone who wants to sends millions of spy satellites in their territory.

Or perhaps the Kardashev scale simply doesn't apply. I mean it is brilliant, but realize that it is only a guess as to what advanced civilizations might do. Realize that there are likely infinite other options for technological manifestation -- including things humans have never thought of.

Yup, we did a video all about this idea: kzfaq.info/get/bejne/rphxZ9yKytvWd58.html&list=PLbJ42wpShvml6Eg22WjWAR-6QUufHFh2v&index=71

Fraser Cain I'll check it out

Fraser Cain Just watched it. Great video.

It hasn't happened in the 4.5 billion years that the Solar System has been here so far. It's apparently still possible for Jupiter to kick Mercury out of its orbit because of gravitational instability.

This is a great thought experiment, super fun. If they were breaking treaties, then their country would be held accountable for their actions. That said, if they were entirely off world, how's anyone going to stop them? Life could survive. We did an episode on how ready life is for Mars, and it's surprisingly ready. But the oceans on Enceladus and Europa seem like the perfect environment for our bacteria. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/e5txmLuema-UnGw.html

The Belters....

The funny thing is though Fraser...most of the trillionaires of earth are Exempt....Yes..Exempt from the laws (immunity), and are independent from the countries' land they reside on. Just look at the B.I.S. their employees all have immunity, and this is the Bank of Banks.

Well, that's ignoring time dilation effects for traveling that fast for 100 years. But yes, if you move at the same speed as the light, you'll always see the Earth at the same time.

Crazy! Thanks Fraser :)

but if your traveling at the speed of light there wouldn't be any light catching up to you from behind, so you wouldn't see anything in that direction. to see something you need travel slower then the speed of light compare to the object your observing.

I guess I'll restate it other than as a question. So if we are inside a simulation yet we are still individuals inside, meaning we are each sentient, that sort-of imply that what we discover is real because these are the rules of the universe that can create sentience. Even though "we could" have original bodies and we've just uploaded our minds into a simulation that is this universe and we've erased our memory... It seems like philosophically if this life is indistinguishable from reality then it's as good as reality and that it is not diminished, not any less by this ...and then this is just to say that the rules of this universe are also valid (in fact perfectly selected). So I guess maybe the question - is this a controlled on uncontrolled experiment/simulation?

At the end of the day, there's really no way we could find out if we're living in a simulation. It's kind of pointless to try and figure it out.

Interesting question. The Moon is such a close and easy place to get to compared to the rest of the Solar System. It's quite a gift, and there's no way we'd have gone as far as we have without it.

Well, there definitely would be way more unmanned missions to Mars and Venus.

Filius Stellae worse off. Two words. Microchips

Thanks for clearing that up.

Okay. :-)

I highly doubt starlifting would be an option for anything below Kardashev 1.5+ civilisation, at which point, the mass could be just ejected out of the solar system, for whichever reason (a brown dwarf at an opportune spot? fuel deposit midway between sun and other stars where the other star doesn't have a jovian-type planet to extract hydrogen from? etc.). Besides, the extraction wouldn't take place immediatelly, but over a very long period of time - after all, we have 500+ milion years to do something about the Sun heating up problem, so the rate of extraction doesn't need to be very high. Say, if 100 milion years from now the starlifting would start and take 200 milion years to achieve just about the right amount of dimming - the change per year in orbits of each planet would be nearly impossible to measure. Only an immediate change of a very massive scale would throw the solar system out of whack. Also, if one jovian mass was extracted out of the Sun, considering all other would stay the same (aka, the extracted mass would be put somewhere where the effect on the rest of the solar system would be negligable), then the orbit of the Earth would expand by roughly 150 thousand kilometers (I would assume the kinetic energy of the Earth-Moon system would remain the same, therefore they would assume an orbit further away from the Sun), which, considering that the difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 milion kilometers, is not much of an issue. Of course, if we extract one jovian mass out of the Sun at once, some orbital adjustement would happen, but it wouldn't be anything even close to cause the orbits the planets to affect one another enough to destabilise the solar system. (see the 150 thousand km adjustement above, and compare that to the closest Earth and Venus ever get, 41 milion kilometers). I think that shows that unless we suddenly starlift insane amounts of solar mass at once, the solar system would remain safe and stable.

Yes, you'd be watching Earth on fast forward until you got here.

It's probably nothing more than a galaxy cluster that's attracting other parts with its gravity.

Yes, you could theoretically use a wormhole to look into the past, but they're still totally theoretical. kzfaq.info/get/bejne/oqxoeMucnLDGm40.html

I understand that a "magnetic wormhole" has been created. Does this mean that we are any closer to making a wormhole that matter or light could pass through?