You know this is going to be good when the history starts with one substrate overtaking another.

A little correction, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, and Irish were still the same language in the Middle Ages, Old Irish and Middle Irish precisely. Given that you differentiated between Old, Middle, and Modern stages for French, English, Dutch, and Frisian, I think it would've been better if you did the same for Gaelic. *Edit:* I forgot to mention Primitive Irish and Classical Gaelic were also a thing.

Surprised to see this start so far into prehistory. What is the rationale behind starting just as the Bell Beaker culture is arriving, are there any linguistic features that can be confidently attributed to the British Neolithic Substrate instead of the later Bell Beaker?

Don't think Latin/Romance ever became a majority language in Britain. Even it took western France 8-9 centuries to get overwhelmingly Romance speaking. And Britain is further than that, so what can one expect except lesser dominance of Romance/Latin there.

Why was Welsh able to survive much longer time of English domination while Irish didn't?

Fascinating. I am glad you started it so far into prehistory, as most charts of this kind start later.

I am very grateful that there is such a uniwue mapper like you, Costas. Amazing video!

Its sad that languages die i am happy that some of the celtic languages survived or got revived

oooh i did not know that irish became official in northern ireland quite recently last 2022

Great work as always.

great video as always, love this!

Perfect work, Costas!

Germanic brothers❤🇬🇧🇳🇱

Another great video man

Great video, excellent documentation of the language families as they evolve over the millennia. 👌🏻

A very informative and detailed video. for me the most interesting was seeing the spread the decline of english in ireland.

Hey! Just wanted to say I love your videos so much :) Also was wondering if you ever intend on doing a tutorial for your videos? If not, May I ask how you make them and with what program/s?

What about such major traditional ancient British languages, as Hindustani and Swahili? They definitely have more speakers in the UK than some dialects of the extinct Gaelic.

Love it. I just don't particulary fancy when the upper class or "official" languages take all of the territory, it gets messy a lot. Maybe better to concentrate it on cities (for example here middle french)

Nice job. Thanks. 🇨🇱

It's amazing!

Cant wait for a full world map of all these languages in one big video! 😁

Fantastic video. I would have included Dutch in Norfolk shortly after 1565, when an influx of Protestant refugees from the Spanish Netherlands invited by Elizabeth I meant that, in a short period of time, around a third of inhabitants in the area ended up being Dutch-speaking.

Great video

You should do a video on the Algonquian Langauges

I would love to see a video about the pama-nyungen language family

Good work! Do we have evidence of the Bell Beaker substrate remaining in Scotland as late as the 4th century BC?

I really wish you could show me the process of making this, I really wish. I hope you continue to work hard in the future. from Korea

What's the rationale behind having the Bell Beaker Substrate change color to Atlantic Substrate after 2000 BC? Is there reason to believe the Bell Beaker culture gave way to a tangibly different substrate in other parts of their range?

Impressed by how the Anglo-Saxon invaders wiped out and genocided the Celtic languages, and even Latin. I read somewhere about a theory explaining their victory that while the Celts were busy fighting a civil war for hegemony after driving out the Romans and was caught off guard by strange intruders speaking a silly and incomprehensible language from the east coast, the Anglo-Saxons took full advantage of the opportunity to raid and capture their fertile fields and huge stores of food, causing the proud Celtic warriors who once terrified the Roman legions gradually starved to death and became completely extinct like rare animals. Although often believed to be a folk legend, I believe that perhaps the person known as "King Arthur" once existed and was actually some Celtic ruler who tried his best to unite the tribes and kick the barbaric Anglos's butts out of the Britannia, just like they did with the Romans. But he apparently failed miserably and the remnants of his followers had to flee to the West and North and live there cowering for the next 1500 years. I wonder if 2000 years before that time, the nomadic Vedic Aryan invaders would have done the same with the ancestors of the Dravidian people of the Indus valley and other indigenous people of North India. But after all, no one can know what happened during those dark and deadly times. What a horrifying moment filled with blood and tears in British history!

odd, you have the Celts arriving from 1500 BC, but other sources i read say that Celts did not arrive until about 500 BC?

Cornish was basically mostly revived in 1995.

Cornish was revied in 20th century

Good. However, I think that attributing the so-called "North-Western Blo(c)k" (roughly, modern Benelux plus modern East Frisia plus NW part of Lower Saxony) to Proto-Germanic is debatable.

Great video! One minor criticism about the region I'm from, Flanders. You made it look like Dutch and French have equal status there, but in reality, Dutch is very much the dominant language like is the case in the Netherlands. Just wanted to point that out

Pls Do History of Oto Manguean languages

Amazing video! May I ask how come Ireland's English after 1920s became weaker? I don't think English in Ireland became less popular and instead should be the opposite.

Next time, make a video on languages of the Italian peninsula?

I agree with you distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages (which I’d rather call “Gallo-Brythonic” and “Ibero-Goidelic” respectively). The traditional division between “Continental” and “Insular” Celtic languages doesn’t make much sense to me.

I thought Manx went extinct in in 1974 and there was also a dialect of Norn or Old Norse spoken on Caithness that went extinct by the 15th century.

I doubt whether proto-Celtic was ever spoken this far north in the Netherlands. The coast must have already been Germanic. The rivers were a natural border. Romans already described that Germans lived on their border.

Are the Bell beakers another group of old europeans or they are earliest indo europeans in the British isles?

Why do you make your beautiful videos in 360p?

Did these substrates left at least some traces on the Celtic languages of Britain? Some words maybe?

Do we have samples of those substrates?

What happened in the last few seconds when Irish expanded into Northern Ireland ? Did I miss something in the news?

Does that last bit of the Atlantic Substrate in Scotland have a name?

Why is flevoland in the map since 2500 BC?

Actually, a very good video with great dates (except for Pictish), but also with a it wrond modern era languages. Like, we can't see Scottish Gaelic good in Hybrid Isles, but we should, and also the complete lack of Cornish. But still, this video helped me in my Pictish language article)

Evidentemente muchos ingleses y británicos no son capaces de entender que el latín tuvo una amplia influencia en su lenguaje. En los comentarios se refleja eso. Buen trabajo CostaMelas.

1100 likes and 0 dislikes.

i wonder if Old English could've been split to Old Anglian and Old Saxon as well before merging or subsuming each other into Old English

Today in UK: arab and hindu with a little english

I would suggest that the 2024 map greatly underestimates the place of English in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Overwhelmingly all three speak closely related dialects of English that are fully mutually comprehensible, while there is not a single monolingual speaker of any of the Celtic languages left.

Cornish disappeared totally?! I heard there are still communities that talk that language

Good to see a reconstruction that divides P from Q rather than the nonsense Insular/Continental model. Also good to see an early entry of Proto-Celtic, since we know at least the Halstadt culture, and so probably the Urnfield culture too, must have spoken Proto-Celtic or at least a predecessor Indo-European language--yet many models consider Celtic to have entered Britain a century or two before Caesar (nonsense!)

Bruh, Pictish were created before our era, not in 200 AD

Why did you use the coastlines of modern day britain in times where it was different. (Im talking about Doggerland)

(Insert comment about modern land shape here)

Love this Video! Please we need Indigenous language from America

Can you do a video about Jewish languages every year? (Hebrew, Judeo-Aramaic, Kayla, Qwara, Yiddish, Ladino, Bukharian, and other Jewish dialects of different languages).

Hey can you make a video about Iranic languages in EUROPE! I know that you have made such a video, but can you make it in European continent? In Europe there were a lot of Iranic languages, such as: Cimmerian, Pontic Scythian, Sarmatian, Alanian, Ossetian, Ibero-Alanian, Jasz, Jazyg, British Sarmatian(8000 Sarmatian soldiers who were sent by Roman Empire) and etc.

Normandy rush England in 1066 🗿🍷

All this beautiful Celtic in the British isles because of a bunch of chads on reed boats in the English Channel in 1639 BC

An Idea for a video: Communist States worlwide: Every Year (strictly marxist-leninist one-party states)

A sad story😢

Thank you for this. This video certainly does match a lot of the existing narrative of the development of various languages in Britain + Ireland from the very early Bronze Age whereby many linguists would agree. However it is far too simplistic with there being other pieces of evidence from linguistic, dna + archaeological evidence which points to other lost linguistic connections between Britain + Ireland to the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean + Scandinavia from the Bronze Age. Also Irish + Welsh Mythology, Folklore + its Literature Traditions for so long have been ignored, but they too also scream out to again point to other lost influences again from the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean + Scandinavia from the Bronze Age. There is more + more evidence that in Bronze Age, there was a unique + Coastal trade right along Europes coasts from the Baltic, to Scandinavia, to Britain + Ireland, to the Iberian Peninsula, to the Mediterranean + right up to the East Mediterranean, to the trade of Amber, Copper + Bronze, with a huge Collapse then in approx 1200BCE (“Bronze Age Collapse”). To me, this era would have had several linguistic influences on Britain + Ireland, which the current linguistic model doesnt account for. I do think eventually a day will come, when there is enough evidence to show that the Celtic languages of Britain + Ireland are much older than the Iron Age + whereby they were also well established from the Bronze Age, having linguistic links in the Bronze Age with the Iberian Peninsula + Scandinavia. Yes Scandinavia. That in the Bronze Age, Scandinavia had pockets of Celtic Speaking peoples. There is literature and accounts which speak of Celtic languages once being spoken in parts of Scandinavia. The theory that the first real Scandinavian peoples to come to Britain + Ireland, were the Vikings of the 900s + Anglo-Saxon-Jutes to Eastern England just before that, just doesnt make sense, when there is lotsa evidence of Scandinavians having being trading with Britain + Ireland + the Mediterranean, in the Bronze Age, with several archaeological finds of Amber in exchange for Copper + Tin to then be brought back to Scandinavia for the Nordic Bronze Age. Regarding Scotland, I personally think it is highly unlikely that any form of P-Celtic (Pictish / Brythonic etc) was ever spoken in Western Scotland, with that area always having spoke a Q-Celtic form, from when Celtic languages first arrived (in the Bronze Age). The Romans for one did write of Western Caledonia having spoken a different harsher language form

do please languages in Morocco

Flemish Dutch under Francophone occupation. You know more than most Flemish. There is some truth to it lol.

🇬🇧🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿🏴󠁧󠁢󠁳󠁣󠁴󠁿🏴󠁧󠁢󠁷󠁬󠁳󠁿🇮🇪 Decline about Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh..... Da luan, Da mort, Da luan, Da mort, Da luan, Da mort, agus Da Cadine. (Monday, Tuesday, Monday, Tuesday, Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday.)

I'm English speaker

I’m sorry, british neolithic?

sad story

Gen 11:1 11-7 Zep 3:9

Celtic Isles

Proud to descend from the English

There is no evidence to suggest that the language spoken by the Bell-Beakers was a non-Celtic one, and that Celtic was later introduced. Due to the lack of European substrate loan words in British Celtic languages, and the presence of pre-European language substrates, the most logical explanation is that the Bell Beaker one was a Celtic language itself. This is further reinforced by a lack of shift in the archaeological record coinciding with the supposed later arrival date of the Celts. Furthermore, the split between Insular (British and Irish) and continental (Gallic) Celtic is too grand to have occurred in such a small time frame as proposed by the later arrival date of Celtic in the Isles; the earlier arrival date of the Bell Beakers is again, a more parsimonious explanation.

Scotland looks like plaid

Latin isn't romance, it's italic.

Alas! English minimised territories of Celtic languages.

Second

1201 is the saddest year in history the death of cumbric language 😭😭😭

There aren't " British Isles ". There's Britannia and Hibernia, it was simple enough for the Romans, ought to be comprehensible for everyone else too.

Rest in peace, Latin of Britania ☠️💀 Imagine what history would be like if the United Kingdom were part of the Roman brothers and this nation also continued to be catholic (🇵🇹🇪🇦🇫🇷🇧🇪🇮🇹🇸🇲🇲🇹🇷🇴🇻🇦✝️⛪)

Coastlines are not entirely accurate for their respective time periods

The 'English'...the last of the British settlers. The Celts are the original British.

I thought that modern Ireland speaks almost only english

I bet Arabic is the leading language very very soon…

No Arabic in London?

Its so sad to see how those Germanic invaders destroyed the Celtic languages

first!!!

We need the "Languages of Russia, Central and North Asia" video. 🙏

Same video in 2054 - English is replaced by Arabic and Urdu

2025 AD : Arabic